Biology Classifications of Organisms

Carolus Linnaeus

Swedish botanist who developed the current system of taxonomy

Binomial nomenclature

Each species are given two names the genes and the species

Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Kingdoms

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Evolutionary Classification

• Group a species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent based on similarities and differences

• Cladograms - derived characteristics

Kingdom Plantae

Multicellular, eukaryotic, non-motile, contain chlorophyll a +b,  cell walls of cellulose, reproduce sexually

Phylum Bryophyta

• Moss

• Lack vascular tissue

• Produce spores

• Gametophyte (haploid) dominant

• Reproduction depends on water, sperm moves in water

Phylum Pteropsida

• Ferns

• Has vascular tissue

• Produce spores

• Sporophyte (diploid) dominant

• Reproduction dependent on water

Phylum Cycadophyta

• Gymnosperm - “naked” seeds

• Seeds in cones

• Slow growing

• Palm like

• Ex. sago palm

Phylum Coniferophyta

• Gymnosperms

• Seeds in cones

• Leaves needle like

• Ex. Loblolly pine

Phylum Anthophyta

• Angiosperm - seeds produced in flowers surrounded by fruit

• Ex. all flowering plants

Class Monocotyledonae

• Embryo with a single cotyledon

• Leaves parallel

• Flower parts in threes

• Grasses, palm

Class Dicotyledonae

• Embryo with two cotyledons

• Netted veination

• Flower parts in four or five

Kingdom Animalia

• Multicellular

• Eukaryotic

• Lack cells walls

• Ingest food

• Sexual reproduction (some asexual reproduction)

Phylum Porifera

• Pores

• Aquatic

• Lack tissue and organs

• Filter feeds

• Ex. Sponges

Phylum Cnidaria

• Aquatic

• Two tissue layers

• Radial Symmetry

• Stinging cells

• Ex. Jellyfish, Hydra, Coral

Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Three tissue layers

• Bilateral Symmetry

• Ex. Flatworms

Phylum Nematoda 

• Complete digestive system

• Ex. Roundworms

Phylum Molluska

• Soft body

• Often with hard shell

• Often with muscular foot

• Ex. Clams, snails, squid

Phylum Annelida

• Closed circulatory system

• Segmented 

• Ex. Segmented Worms

Phylum Echinodermata

• Endoskeleton - Spiny skin

• Water vascular system

• Tube feet

• Ex. Starfish, Sand Dollars, Sea Cucumber

Phylum Arthropoda

• Exoskeleton of Chitin

• Jointed appendages

• Segmented body

• Ventral nerve cords

Class Arachnida

• Two body segments

• Ex. Spiders, ticks

Class Crustacea

• Two pairs of antennae

• Ex. Crabs, lobster, barnacle

Class Insecta

• Three body parts

• Three pairs of legs

• Ex. ant, fly, bee, earwig

Ectotherms

• Obtain heat from environments

• Many adapt behaviors to regulate body temps

Endotherms

• Generate heat through metabolism

• Conserve or dissipates energy with use of behavioral mechanisms

• Ex. sweating, shivering etc.

Phylum Chordata

• Nerve cord

• Gill slits

Subphylum Urochordata

• Invertebrates

• Central nerve cord tunicates

Subphylum Vertebrata

• Backbone

• District head and brain

Class Chondrichthyes

• Cartilaginous Fish

• Ex. Sharks, rays

Class Osteichthyes

• Bony Fish

• Ex. Carp, Cod, Trout

Class Amphibia

• Eggs develop in water

• Ex. Frogs, newt

Class Reptilia

• Reptiles

• Dry scaly skin

• Eggs laid on land

• Ex. Lizard, snakes, turtle

Class Aves

• Birds

• Endothermic

• Feathers

• Four chamber heart

Class Mammalia

• Mammals

• Hair

• Mammary glands

Protista

• Unicellular eukaryotic organisms

• Multicellular organisms not belonging to another kingdom

Paramecium

• Have Cilia

• Ex. Paramecia

Flagellates

• Have Flagella

• Usually reproduce asexually

• Sometimes produce gametes and reproduce sexually

• Ex. Giardia

Sporozoa

• Produce Spores

• All are parasitic

• Ex. Plasmodium - Causes malaria

Amoeba

“False feet” Pseudopodia

Euglena

• Have Flagella and chloroplasts

• Can eat or make food

Dinoflagellates

• 2 flagella

• Many are luminescent

Diatoms

• One or more gold or yellow chloroplasts

• Cell wall made of silicon 

• Geometric Patterns

Green Algae

• Chlorophyll, Maybe cell walls

• Volvox spirayya 

• Much in common with plants

Water molds

• Produce flagellated spores that swim

• Potato belts

Slime molds

• Most of life in unicellular form

• When food gets scarce they move into a colony and migrate