developmental - exam 2

hearing

develops during tthe last trimester of prenancy, most advanced of newborns sense, speech perception by four months (post birth), by 35 weeks gestation can recognize moms voice, and infants prefer their mothers voice to others

seeing

least mature sense at birth

• born legally blind

newborn focus between 4 and 30 inches away

binocular vision between 2 and 4 months

• they dont have color until 4 months

• they start to focus at 2

• dont have depth perception until developed (associated with crawling)

experienced and maturation of visual cortex, improve shape recognition, visual scanning, and details

tasting and smelling

function at birth and rapidly adapt to the social world, foods of culture may aid in survival, adaption occurs for both of these senses

touch

acute in infants, newborns respond to being securely held, prefer specific people, some may be experience expectant for normal growth, calmed by breast feeding

pain and temperature

connected with touch, less intense than adult pain, but not completely absent

gross motor skills

basic develop over the first two years

• cephalocaudal - head down, start moving your head before your feet

  • proximodistal - center out, start moving your arms before you use their hands

sequence of emerging skills (moving around)

1. sitting unsupported

2. standing, holding on

3. creeping

   1. babies get better at depth perception as they crawl

4. standing, not holding on

5. walking well

   1. brain maturation

   2. muscle strength

   3. practice

6. walking backward

7. running

8. jumping up

moving baby quote

in one hour of free play, the average toddler takes about 2400 steps, travels the length of about 8 US football fields and falls 17 times

fine motor skills

physical ablities involve small body movements, specifically hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin, shaped by culture and opportunity

squence of emerging skills (grabbing)

swipe first, grasping rattle, reaching to hold object, thumb-and-finger grasping, stacking two blocks, imitating vertical line

gaze-following

caregiver gaze followinng instinctively without cues

early logic

infants has some innate logic

infant - implicit memory

evident by 3 months, begins to stabolize by 9 months, life long, most people remember things around 2-2.5 years

infant memory - explicit memory

longer to emerge, language dependent, rovee-collier mobile kicking research findings 

why cant we remember baby members?

making new neurons before two years of age and its disrupting already stored, use language based retrieval cues and we dont have good language, lack of self image, dont understand our sepearation from the environement

piagets sensorimotor intelligence

sense and motor skills are raw material for infant cognition (builds knowledge)

interplay of sensation, perception, action, and cognition occurs in six stages, in three circular reactions

• at stage 4 we gain object permamence

there is no beginning and no end to learning; experience leads to the next, which looks back

they come into the world imitating

VOE

violation of expectations, demonstrates piaget was wrong

primary circular reactions

circle within the infants body

• stage one: reflexes

• stage two: first acqured adaptations

  • stage of first habits

secondary circular reactions

circle between baby and someone else

• stage three: making interesting sights last

• stage four:

  • object permanence

    • before 8 months: no search

    • at 18 months : A not B error

      • she looked at the one it was previously under, she doesnt understand it was able to be in a different location

    • by 2 years : full object permanence

tertiary circular reactions

wider world information gathering from experiences

• stage 5: new means through active experimentation

  • Goal-directed

  • purposeful

• stage 6: mental combinations, learning through imagination

universal sequence of language in the first two years

• Infants throughout the world follow the same sequence of language development

  • They are primed for learning language

  • Better for learning different languages

• This development begins at birth and infants acquire much native language before uttering their first word

• Infants has phoning discrimination

• They have symbolic understanding

• Video deficit effect/error

  • How well young kids could with a live demonstration vs video

  • A live person is so much better

  • They have a poorer demonstration before the age of 2, don’t let your kids watch tv before 2

    • Number hours of watching television is negatively related to development 

listening and responding

child directed speech

• high pitched

• simplified

• repetitive

preferences for voices over noises

babbling

• Extended repetition of certain syllables

•  such as ba-ba-ba

• Begins around 6 and 9 months

  • Babies with autism don’t babble

• Gradual imitation of accents, cadence, consonants, and gestures in the environment

  • Universal; even deaf babies can babble

gestures

powerful means of communication

• pointing

baby signing may enhance parent responsiveness for deaf and hearing babies

first words

abour one year, babies speak a few words (coincides with walking), spoken vocab increases gradually about one new word a week, first words become holophrases

cultural differences in language

earlly communication transcends linguistic boundaries

• human baby noises are understood despite listener language or experience

  • culture and families vary in how much child directed speech children hear

naming explosion

• Once vocab reaches about 50 words, it builds rapidly, at a rate of 50 to 100 words per month

• 21 month olds say twice as many words as 18 month olds

  • Ratio of nouns to verbs very from place to place

  • Meanings vary by language

  • Words that are difficult to say are simplified

putting words together

grammar includes all devices by which words communicate meaning (sequence, prefixes, suffixes, innoation, volume, verb forms, pronouns, negation, preposition, and articles) and profieciency in grammar correlated with sentence length

theory one: infants need to taught

BF Skinner notice that spontaneous babling is usually reinferced

• parents are expected to teachers and other caregivers help them teach children to speak

• frequent repetition of words is instructive, especially when the words are linked to pleasures of daily life

• well taught infants become well spoken children

  • we develop language because its reinforced

theory two

we are social beings 

• infants communication because humans have evolved as social beings

• each culture has practice that futher social interaction, including talking

• social impulses, not explicit teaching, lead infants to learn language; screen time during infancy debate 

theory three

infants teach themselves

• language learning is innate 

• adults dont need to teach it

• its not a byprouduct of socila interaction

chomsky

• language is too complex to mastered through step by step conditioning

• language acquisition devise (LAD)

• mean length utterance

all perspectives offer insight into language acquisition

multiple attentional, social, and lingustic cues contribute to early language, different elements of language apparatus may have evolved in different ways

abudance of TV views

• increase reading deficit 

• attention problems

• increase memory problems

neuroscience

language arise from many brain regions, with contributions for hundred of genes and areas

survival

96% of all newborns survive; varies by nations, infant comparisons may not recognize mode of infant care, males struggle more as an infant

SIDS

sudden infant death syndrome

until the mid 1990s tens of thousands of SIDS death in North America and England

• parents were blamed for the death

• normally healthy babies

most deaths were sleeping position

• back to sleep program cut SIDS rate dramatically

• many of the deaths were related to the position, the change in position allow for it to breathe

risks - low birthweight, winter, gender (boys), exposure to cigarette smoke, soft blankets or pillows (cause suffocation), bed sharing, abnormalities in brain stem, heart mitochondria, or microbiome

sucking babies are more easily arroused (noonies protect babies)

immunization

• Occurs in two ways: illness recovery or vaccination

• Primes the bodys immune system to resist a particular disease

• Reduces but does not eliminate the disease; careful testing required to ensure not severe side effects

• Currently vaccines are recommended for 14 serious childhood diseases

herd immunity

vaccinated people stop transmission, if almost all people are immynized, no one dies of that disease

anti-vax sentiments

worry about potential vaccine side effects, lower income prohbit regular pediatric visit, inaccurate information about autism and immunication, and personal belief and religious exemptions

nutrition

• For every infant disease, breast feeding reduces risk and malnutrition increases it, stunting growth of body and brain

• Breast-fed babies are less likely to develop allergies, asthma, obesity, and heart disease

• As the infant gets older, the composition of breast milk adjusts to the baby's changing nutritional needs

• Formula is advised for medical reasons in unusual cases

• Mothers needed alternative to work instead of breast milk

  • Formula was created, but not the same as breast milk

• You feel the change in the milk, from colustrom to liquidy

• WHO - exclusively breast feed for 6 months, then keep it in the diet for up to 2 years

• Hormones are extremely sensitive

malnutrition

protien calorie malnutrition - conditions in which a person doesnt consume suffievent food of any kind that can result in several illnesses, severe weight loss, and even death

stunting

failure of children to grow a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition

wasting

tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition

effects of chronic malnutrition

learning suffers, disease is caused (marasmus and kwashiorkor), other disease become more deadly

prevention

stopping malnutrition before it starts: prenatal nutrition, breast-feeding, supplments, educating and supporting mothers

developing emotions

birth - distress; contentment 

6 weeks - social smile 

3 months - laughter; curiousity

4 months - full, responsive smiles

4-8 months - anger

9-14 - fear of social events (strangers and seperation from caregiver)

12 months - fear of unexpected sights and sounds

18 months - self-awareness; pride; shame; embarassment

emotional development

all infants progress from reactive pain and pleasure to complex patterns of socio-emotional awareness

primary emotions

happiness, sadness (disrupts all areas of development and very stressful on the body), fear, anger, suprise, and disgust

crying

newborn - hurt, hungry, tired, frightened

second to six week - uncontrollable colic, reflux, immature swallowing

smiling and laughing 

social smile (6 weeks) - evoked by viewing human faces

laughter (3-4 months) - often emerges with curiosity and gradually discriminating

anger

first expressions around 6 months and healthy response to frustrating

sadness

indicates withdrawal and is accompanied by increased production of cortisol, stressful experience for infants, take care of kids and they are better off, mothers depression can lead to fearful toddler and depressed children