ES2040 Exam 1

Anatomy is

the study of structure

In Greek, Anatomy means

cutting up

3 levels anatomy is studied at

macro(gross), micro, developmental

Physiology is

function

structure is related to…

function

function follows…

form

6 levels of organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organelle

chemical level includes

atoms and molecules

cellular level includes

cells(made of molecules) and macromolecules

What are the 4 macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

tissue level includes

groups of cells that work together to preform functions

What are the 4 tissues?

Connective, muscular, nervous and epithelial

organ level includes

2 or more types of tissues formed to make structures

system level includes

related organs with a common function

organelle level includes

the body as a whole

What are the 11 systems of the human body?

NERD CURL SIM

nervous, endocrine, respiratory, digestive

cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive, lymphatic

skeletal, integumentary, muscular

nervous includes

brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, ears

nervous functions

generates nerve impulse to regulate body activity, sense and respond

endocrine includes

pineal gland, hypothalamus, thyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes

endocrine functions

regulates hormones which controls everything (growth, reproductions and metabolism)

respiratory includes

lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes

respiratory functions

transfers oxygen from air into blood, voice

digestive includes

mouth, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, stomach, salivary glands, liver, pancreas

digestive functions

breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid waste

cardiovascular includes

heart, blood, bloodvessels

cardiovascular functions

TRANSPORT!!! transports blood throughout the body, blood transports oxygen and nutrients to cells

urinary includes

kidneys, uterus, bladder, urethra

urinary functions

eliminates urine, produces red blood cells, maintains acid base balance

reproductive includes

fermale - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris

male - testes, epididymides, seminal glands, prostate, penis

reproductive functions

female - mammary make milk, sites for fertilization, make offspring

male - gonads make sperm and sex hormones, make offspring

lymphatic includes

vessels, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, bone marrow

lymphatic functions

returns proteins to blood, filtering and cleaning

skeletal includes

bones, ligaments, joints, cartelige

skeletal functions

supports and protects

integumentary includes

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

integumentary functions

protects the body, regulates temperature, creates vitamin D, detects sensation

muscular includes

muscles attached to bones

muscular functions

body movement, maintains posture, heat production

a cells 3 principal parts

plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus

What is the plasma membrane?

Separates intra and extra cellular space, monitors and regulates movement inside and out the cell, maintains selectively permeable membrane for small molecules

What is the structural framework of a cell?

the lipid bilayer

What is inside the lipid bilayer

intergral and peripheral proteins

what is the lipid bilayer made of?

water-soluble heads and non-water-soluble tails

what is an integral protein?

extend and imbed into the bilayer

what is a peripheral protein?

attach to bilayer surface

What are the 6 functions of a protein?

form ion channels, carriers, receptors, enzymes, linkers. cell-identity markers

what are ion channels?

for ions to enter and exit the cell

carrier?

moves polar substances from one side of the cell to another

receptor?

serves as cellular recognition and binds to other cells

enzymes?

catalyze chemical reactions on cell surface, speed things up and breakdown

linkers?

anchor membrane to neighboring cells membranes

cell identity markers?

recognize and defend or link up based on what type of cell it is

what is ICF?

intracellular fluid, inside the cell

what is ECF?

extracellular fluid, outside the cell

Where is ECF commonly found?

between tissues of cells, blood vessels(plasma)

what happens in a passive process?

substance moves down the gradient using only kinetic energy(no ATP)

what happens in an active process?

substance moves up the gradient using ATP from lower concentration to a higher concentration

what are the 3 passive processes?

diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis

what is simple diffusion?

net movement from a higher concentration down to a lower concentration

what is facilitated diffusion?

large molecules passing through the membrane(protein carriers and channels) with the help of transmembrane proteins from high concentration to low concentration

ex. glucose, amino acids

what is osmosis?

net movement of water from high concentration of water to a low concentration of water by passing through aquaporins (AQP) using kinetic energy

Water follows the solute(salt)

what are the 3 active processes?

active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

what is active transport?

substances transported across a membrane from low concentration to high concentration, against the gradient

ex. ion, amino acid, sodium ion, potassium ion

what is interstitial fluid?

fluid between all tissues

visceral?

organs

pariteal?

wall

thoracic cavity

chest, pleural, pericardium and mediastinum

pleural cavity

surrounds lung, serous membrane

pericardial cavity

surrounds heart, pericardium

madiastium cavity

between lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, large blood vessels

abdominal cavity

stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, peritoneum

pelvic cavity

urinary, bladder, large intestine, reproduction organs

parital

wall

visceral

organ

what is a vesticle?

small, spherical sac, transports substances from one structure to another

what is endocytosis?

materials move into a cell inside a vesicle formed from the membrane, phagocytosis and pinocytosis

what is phagocytosis?

cell eating

what is pinocytosis?

cell drinking

what is exocytosis?

materials move out of a cell

what is the cytoplasm?

all the contents between the cell membrane and the nucleus

what are the 2 components of the cytoplasm?

the cytosol and organelles

what is the cytosol?

the fluid

what is the mitochondrias functions?

generates ATP through cellular respiration, many folds called cristae where chemical reactions occur

what does the ribosome do?

contains protein and rRNA, site of protein synthesis

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

network of membrane tubules that synthesize fatty acids and steroids

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

embedded with ribosomes, manufactures and secretes proteins, membrane factory

what is the golgi apparatus?

stacked and flattened membranous sacs that concentrate and package proteins, they pass through here like a post office

what is the cytoskeleton?

aids movement of organelles and chromosomes in cell division, a scaffold that helps determine a cells shape

what is the nucleus?

houses DNA

what are the 4 parts of the nucleus?

nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin and distinct proteins

what is the nuclear envelope?

selectively permeable membrane that holds the nucleus

what is tonicity?

ability to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water

what is hypotonic?

low pressure, low solute concentration outside cell, cell grows, phagocytosis

what is hypertonic?

high pressure, high solute concentration outside cell, cell shrinks, pinocytosis

what is isotonic?

same/equal pressure

what are the 4 tissues?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

what is a tight junction?

barriers regulating water, solute movement, like a zipper

what is a desmosome?

type of junction, rivet and membrane that leaves cell to connect to others

what is a gap junction

communicating junctions, direct chemical communications, quick/rapid

lumen means…

interior space