Studied by 2 people
Anatomy is
the study of structure
In Greek, Anatomy means
cutting up
3 levels anatomy is studied at
macro(gross), micro, developmental
Physiology is
function
structure is related to…
function
function follows…
form
6 levels of organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organelle
chemical level includes
atoms and molecules
cellular level includes
cells(made of molecules) and macromolecules
What are the 4 macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
tissue level includes
groups of cells that work together to preform functions
What are the 4 tissues?
Connective, muscular, nervous and epithelial
organ level includes
2 or more types of tissues formed to make structures
system level includes
related organs with a common function
organelle level includes
the body as a whole
What are the 11 systems of the human body?
NERD CURL SIM
nervous, endocrine, respiratory, digestive
cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive, lymphatic
skeletal, integumentary, muscular
nervous includes
brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, ears
nervous functions
generates nerve impulse to regulate body activity, sense and respond
endocrine includes
pineal gland, hypothalamus, thyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes
endocrine functions
regulates hormones which controls everything (growth, reproductions and metabolism)
respiratory includes
lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes
respiratory functions
transfers oxygen from air into blood, voice
digestive includes
mouth, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, stomach, salivary glands, liver, pancreas
digestive functions
breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid waste
cardiovascular includes
heart, blood, bloodvessels
cardiovascular functions
TRANSPORT!!! transports blood throughout the body, blood transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
urinary includes
kidneys, uterus, bladder, urethra
urinary functions
eliminates urine, produces red blood cells, maintains acid base balance
reproductive includes
fermale - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris
male - testes, epididymides, seminal glands, prostate, penis
reproductive functions
female - mammary make milk, sites for fertilization, make offspring
male - gonads make sperm and sex hormones, make offspring
lymphatic includes
vessels, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, bone marrow
lymphatic functions
returns proteins to blood, filtering and cleaning
skeletal includes
bones, ligaments, joints, cartelige
skeletal functions
supports and protects
integumentary includes
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
integumentary functions
protects the body, regulates temperature, creates vitamin D, detects sensation
muscular includes
muscles attached to bones
muscular functions
body movement, maintains posture, heat production
a cells 3 principal parts
plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
What is the plasma membrane?
Separates intra and extra cellular space, monitors and regulates movement inside and out the cell, maintains selectively permeable membrane for small molecules
What is the structural framework of a cell?
the lipid bilayer
What is inside the lipid bilayer
intergral and peripheral proteins
what is the lipid bilayer made of?
water-soluble heads and non-water-soluble tails
what is an integral protein?
extend and imbed into the bilayer
what is a peripheral protein?
attach to bilayer surface
What are the 6 functions of a protein?
form ion channels, carriers, receptors, enzymes, linkers. cell-identity markers
what are ion channels?
for ions to enter and exit the cell
carrier?
moves polar substances from one side of the cell to another
receptor?
serves as cellular recognition and binds to other cells
enzymes?
catalyze chemical reactions on cell surface, speed things up and breakdown
linkers?
anchor membrane to neighboring cells membranes
cell identity markers?
recognize and defend or link up based on what type of cell it is
what is ICF?
intracellular fluid, inside the cell
what is ECF?
extracellular fluid, outside the cell
Where is ECF commonly found?
between tissues of cells, blood vessels(plasma)
what happens in a passive process?
substance moves down the gradient using only kinetic energy(no ATP)
what happens in an active process?
substance moves up the gradient using ATP from lower concentration to a higher concentration
what are the 3 passive processes?
diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis
what is simple diffusion?
net movement from a higher concentration down to a lower concentration
what is facilitated diffusion?
large molecules passing through the membrane(protein carriers and channels) with the help of transmembrane proteins from high concentration to low concentration
ex. glucose, amino acids
what is osmosis?
net movement of water from high concentration of water to a low concentration of water by passing through aquaporins (AQP) using kinetic energy
Water follows the solute(salt)
what are the 3 active processes?
active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis
what is active transport?
substances transported across a membrane from low concentration to high concentration, against the gradient
ex. ion, amino acid, sodium ion, potassium ion
what is interstitial fluid?
fluid between all tissues
visceral?
organs
pariteal?
wall
thoracic cavity
chest, pleural, pericardium and mediastinum
pleural cavity
surrounds lung, serous membrane
pericardial cavity
surrounds heart, pericardium
madiastium cavity
between lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, large blood vessels
abdominal cavity
stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, peritoneum
pelvic cavity
urinary, bladder, large intestine, reproduction organs
parital
wall
visceral
organ
what is a vesticle?
small, spherical sac, transports substances from one structure to another
what is endocytosis?
materials move into a cell inside a vesicle formed from the membrane, phagocytosis and pinocytosis
what is phagocytosis?
cell eating
what is pinocytosis?
cell drinking
what is exocytosis?
materials move out of a cell
what is the cytoplasm?
all the contents between the cell membrane and the nucleus
what are the 2 components of the cytoplasm?
the cytosol and organelles
what is the cytosol?
the fluid
what is the mitochondrias functions?
generates ATP through cellular respiration, many folds called cristae where chemical reactions occur
what does the ribosome do?
contains protein and rRNA, site of protein synthesis
what is the endoplasmic reticulum?
network of membrane tubules that synthesize fatty acids and steroids
what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
embedded with ribosomes, manufactures and secretes proteins, membrane factory
what is the golgi apparatus?
stacked and flattened membranous sacs that concentrate and package proteins, they pass through here like a post office
what is the cytoskeleton?
aids movement of organelles and chromosomes in cell division, a scaffold that helps determine a cells shape
what is the nucleus?
houses DNA
what are the 4 parts of the nucleus?
nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin and distinct proteins
what is the nuclear envelope?
selectively permeable membrane that holds the nucleus
what is tonicity?
ability to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water
what is hypotonic?
low pressure, low solute concentration outside cell, cell grows, phagocytosis
what is hypertonic?
high pressure, high solute concentration outside cell, cell shrinks, pinocytosis
what is isotonic?
same/equal pressure
what are the 4 tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
what is a tight junction?
barriers regulating water, solute movement, like a zipper
what is a desmosome?
type of junction, rivet and membrane that leaves cell to connect to others
what is a gap junction
communicating junctions, direct chemical communications, quick/rapid
lumen means…
interior space
Note 
Flashcard (60)