chapter 2 microbio

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What three subatomic particles make up atoms? What are their charges and where are they located

At the center of an atom is a nucleus containing protons (positive charge) and neutrons (neutral charge). Around the nucleus is a cloud of negatively charged particles called electrons

What is a cation? What is an anion?

Cation: (a positive ion) an atom that has lost electrons and consequently has an overall positive charge. Anion: (a negative ion) has a negative charge because of gaining that specifies the ion’s charge

What is the difference between organic vs inorganic molecules

Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic molecules may contain carbon but will lack the associated hydrogen. A classic example of an inorganic molecule that contains carbon is carbon dioxide

On the pH scale, what pH is pure water?

7

What pH range is considered acidic? Do acids contain more H+ or more OH-

Acidic solutions have a higher concentration of H+ than OH- ions and have a pH less than 7

What pH range is considered basic (the term alkaline is another word for basic)? Do bases contain more H+ or more OH-

Have a higher concentration of OH- compared to H+ ions and exhibit a pH greater than 7

What is the function of a buffer?

compunds that stabilize pH by absoribbing or releasing H+ ions. Organism tend to depend on buffers due to pH greatly impacting physiology

What are electron shells? What is the valence shell? What is the function of the valence shell

Regions around the atomic nucleus where electrons are found; electron shells are organized into sub-shell and orbitals; each shell has a maximum number of electrons it can hold, with those closest to the nucleus tending to hold fewer electrons than the shells farther from the nucleus. The valence shell is the atom’s outermost shell; valence electrons are the electrons found in the valence shell; for simplicity; they can be thought of as the electrons that typically participate in chemical reactions. Ultimately, the type of valence electron interaction that occurs between atoms dictates what kind of chemical bond is formed

What is an ionic bond?

The electrostatic force of attraction that exists between oppositely charged ions (between cations and anions); type of bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another

What is a covalent bond? What is the difference between a covalent bond and a polar covalent bond?

The electrostatic force of attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons. Polar covalent bond is a covalent bond in which electrons are not equally shared by the bonding atoms

What are hydrogen bonds?

A noncovalent electrostatic attraction between two or more molecules (intermolecular hydrogen bonds) or within a single large molecule (intramolecular hydrogen bonds); weaker than ionic or covalent bonds and do not bind atoms into molecules; hold complementary DNA strands together

What is the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules?

Hydrophobic = “water fearing”; name applied to substances that are not readily dissolved in water. Hydrophilic = “water loving”; name applied to substances like sugar and other polar substances that are readily dissolved in water

What is an amphipathic molecule? Are phospholipids amphipathic?

Term applied to molecules that have a region that interacts well with water (hydrophilic) and a region that interacts well with lipids or other water-repellent (hydrophobic) molecules; soaps and detergents are common examples. A cell’s plasma membrane is a bilayer made up of amphipathic lipids called phospholipids. The phosphate-containing region of the lipid is hydrophilic and faces the aqueous environments outside and inside the cell, whereas the hydrophobic tail regions of the lipid are sequestered in the middle of the lipid bilayer

Describe dehydration synthesis reaction

Dehydration synthesis reactions: chemical reactions in which building a complex organic molecule requires bringing reactants together in such a way that water is released when a covalent bond is formed

A + B -> AB

hydrolysis reactions,

Hydrolysis reaction: a common process in biochemical pathways in which water is added to break the covalent bonds in complex molecules

AB -> A+B

exchange reactions

Exchange reactions: involve swapping one or more components in a compound. Sometimes these are called replacement or displacement reactions.

Single exchange reaction: A+BC -> AC+ B

Double exchange reaction: AB+CD->AD+CB

What is the monomer of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (“one sugar”), the smallest unit of a carbohydrate; can be polymerized to build larger carbohydrates

What is the structure and function of glycogen?

A branched polymer of glucose that is mainly stored in the live

What is the main function of carbohydrates in biological systems

Carbohydrates are the chief energy sources in biological systems, important structural biomolecules, and mediators of cellular adhesion, communication, and environmental sensing

What is the structure and function of bacterial capsules?

A sticky carbohydrate-based structure made by some prokaryotes; a well-organized glycocalyx that is tightly associated with the cell wall; presence of a capsule often increases pathogenicity (ability to cause disease), since it promotes adhesion to host tissues, and provides some protection against host immune cells by interfering with phagocytosis

Are lipids mainly hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Lipids are predominantly hydrophobic; they do not readily dissolve in water

What are the two component parts of a triglyceride?

Three fatty acid chains bonded to glycerol

What is the monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotides

List three structural differences between DNA and RNA

DNA is double-stranded, RNA single-stranded; DNA uses base thymine, RNA uses uracil; DNA uses the sugar deoxyribose, RNA uses ribose

What molecule is considered the energy currency of the cell

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

What is the basic unit (monomer) of proteins

amino acids

What is a peptide bond

Short amino acid chain (usually less than 55 amino acids

what organic molecules have primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a protein?

proteins, hemoglobin