Anatomy Nervous System

Identify the 3 major functions of the nervous system

sensory, intergrative, motor

describe the 3 major functions of the nervous system

sensory - pick up info (external/internal)

integrative - brain receives/interprets info

motor - carries out response

dendrites

picks up information from the previous neuron

cell body

contains organelles

axon

carries the signal

axon terminal

end of the axon where the neurotrasmitter is released

myelin sheath

protects the axon

Nodes of Ranvier

gaps in the sheath

Why does the nervous system need glial cells even though they don't conduct messages

they act as a glue and help hold the neurons and connections in place

presynaptic neuron

sends signal

post-synaptic neuron

recieves signal

neurotransmitter

attaches to receptors to activate postsynaptic

calcium

helps the release of neurotrasmitters

receptors

activated by binding neurotransmitters

What is multiple sclerosis? Why does it eventually lead to the inability to send messages through the nerves?

progressive destruction of the myelin sheath

without the protection of the myelin sheath the nerves will eventually damage and be unable to send messages

Describe the blood-brain barrier. What substances can still pass through it? Why can this be harmful and beneficial in different scenarios?

prevents passage of substances from the blood into the brain to protect it

good for anesthesia and oxygen

bad for alcohol

Why is the medulla oblongata such an important part of the brain stem and nervous system?

medulla regulates heartbeat and diameter of blood vessels

Explain the process to perform a lumbar puncture (spinal tap). Why would this procedure be done?

a needle is used to collect cerebrospinal fluid

can be used to administer medication so would be done for childbirth as an epidural or diagnose

6 major functions of the hypothalamus

- control the autonomic nervous system

- control hormones

- regulate emotion

- regulate eating

- control body temp

- regulation of sleep

What chemical is released by the Pineal Gland? How does it affect the human body?

melatonin which promotes sleepiness and regulates the setting of the biological clock

After having a stroke, Kent Miller underwent a special type of therapy to help him regain use of his paralyzed side of the body. Describe the methods used by the therapist (Francilla) to help Kent and how these tasks affected his brain and abilities. (Nervous System Disorder Chart )

lot of repetative tasks to allow new connections to be formed to re-learn how to move his paralyzed parts

To help deal with severe epilepsy, Michael Rehbein had most of the left hemisphere of his brain removed. Why did the loss of this part of the brain have such a big effect on his language abilities? (Nervous System Disorder Chart )

speech and language is controled majority by the left, right can still do it but not as well causing his speech to be short and impaired

Explain how Alzheimer's Disease affects the body differently than normal aging.

causing a cognitive decay faster and more severely than normal aging

How is the neurotransmitter dopamine linked to addiction? Support your answer by describing what is happening at the actual neurons when using a drug like cocaine.

dopamine is a neurotransmitter that causes an enjoyable feeling when released when using cocaine excess dopamine is released causing a high that cant be felt normally and causing the body to cease normal dopamine producton

Why did Ellen need deep brain stimulation surgery? Compare Ellen's abilities pre- and post-surgery.

Ellen had severe tremors that inpacted her everyday life and made her unable to do tasks like signing her name, and drawing a line but after surgrey she was able to

Why was Ellen's DBS Surgery performed awake?

so the doctors were able to get feedback from her