immunology MU exam 1

What is immunology

The study of the immune system

What is the immune response

Cellular processes that mediate the responses that the body is giving to the infection

What is immunity

The state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances

Who was the ancient historian that wrote about immunity?

Thucydides

What is purpose of vaccinating

To induce immune memory without the requirement for contacting the initial disease

What is variation

Purposeful inoculation of a small amount of pus/scabrous material from an infected individual into a cut or scratch on an uninfected individual

Who originates modern immunology?

Dr. Edward Jenner

Who discovered that disease was caused by specific microbes?

Robert Koch

What is memory (in terms of immune response)

The hallmark of of the immune system

What is the primary response

Initiated upon first exposure to an antigen

what is a secondary response

Response initiated upon secondary exposure to the same antigen that stimulates memory lymphocytes

how are innate and adaptive responses different from each other?

Innate response doesn’t have a memory response and is the same every time.

Adaptive response’s primary response is slow but the secondary is faster and better

What does the immune response respond to?

Foreign antigens, everything but its own antigens and tissues

What is a pathogen

Any microbe that causes disease

T/F location doesn’t matter for the immune response

False

What are the niches of pathogens?

Intracellar and extracellular

What are obligate organisms

Organisms that must live within a host cell

What are the four categories of pathogens

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites

What are the 2 sequential interconnected immune systems vertebrates use?

Innate immunity & adaptive immunity

What is the first line of defense against microbes?

Innate immunity

Innate immunity doesn’t have any memory

True

What does innate immunity consist of?

Physical and chemical barriers, phagocytes cells, blood proteins, and cytokines

What is adaptive immunity?

A memory response to a microbe

Innate immunity only recognizes specific structures of microbes

False. Generate structures are recognized

Adaptive immunity is a fast response

False

What kind of cells are in adaptive immunity?

T and B cells

Why is adaptive immunity important?

Provides an improved response to an infection

what are PRRs

Pattern recognition receptors that innate responses are germ-like encoded through

What are PAMPs?

Pathogen associated molecular patterns that PRRs bind to

what are sentinel cells

Cells that live in the skin and respond immediately to microbes and injured cells

What do sentinel cells cause

Inflammation

Why is inflammation important?

It stimulates and directs adaptive immune responses to the issue

What are phagocytes

Cells in the innate immune response

What are the two kinds of adaptive immunity?

Humoral and cell-mediated immunity

What is the main cell in humoral immunity?

B cells

What do B cells do?

Combat pathogens via antibodies

What are the different kinds of antibodies produced by B cells?

IgD, IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE

What does Ig mean?

Immunoglobulin

What is the main cell of cell-mediated immunity?

T cells

What do T cells mainly do?

Eradicate pathogens, clear infected self-cells, or aid in other cells in inducing immunity

What are the two kinds of T cells?

Helper T cells and cytotoxic (killer) T cells

What do helper T cells do?

Help secrete cytokines that assist other cells in killing microbes

What do cytotoxic T cells do

Kill infected cells and eliminate reservoirs of infection

What determines the receptors on B and T cells?

they are randomly generated and have unique expressions

What are lymphocyte receptors?

Receptors that recognize T and B cells

What is a BCR

B cell receptor that is a surface-bound antibody molecule

What do BCRs recognize?

Any kind of molecule including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and others

What is a TCR?

A T cell receptor that binds only to peptides presented by the MHC

What is the MHC

The major histocompatibility complex

What can T cells receptors recognize?

Only protein antigens

What are signal molecules?

Molecules produced by the activation of the innate immune responses which stimulate and direct adaptive immune responses

What is the main kind of signal molecule

Cytokines

What are dendritic cells?

Sentinel cells that present the antigen/microbe to B and T cells to activate them

What are antigen presenting cells

Another name for dendritic cells which activate T cells

What are naive lymphocytes

T and B cells that are waiting to be activated

What are activated lymphocytes?

Lymphocytes that have been presented with an antigen it recognizes and go to find the presented antigen

What happens when a lymphocyte becomes activated

the cell undergoes clonal expansion and differentiates into effector cells with specific immune functions

What is clonal expansion

The rapid growth of cells that causes inflammation

Where do effector cells go when they are differentiated?

They leave the lymph node and go to the site of infection

What happens when effector cells have cleared the infection?

The cells go through apoptosis and are cleared by macrophages

What is apoptosis

Contained cell death which is considered good

What is the contraction phase?

when the body returns to homeostasis after an immune response to an infection

What are long-lived memory cells

Cells that remain after the innate immune response

What do long-lived memory cells do?

They create a more rapid and effect response upon repeated exposure to a specific microbe

What are hematopoietic stem cells?

Cells created in the blood cells that have the capacity to differentiate into many types of blood cells

What are the kinds of blood cells hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into?

erythrocytes and leukocytes

What is hematopoiesis

The generation of blood cells

What is the common name for erythrocyte

Red blood cell

What is the common name for leukocyte

White blood cell

Where does hematopoiesis occur in adult vertebrates

The bone marrow

What kind of progenitor cells do hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into?

Myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells

What are the most common cells found in the human blood system?

Red blood cells, platelets, and neutrophils

What is the main type of leukocyte?

Neutrophils

How long are neutrophils estimated to live?

Around 2 days, very short

What is a certificate of differentiation number? (CD)

The way to tell cell-surface proteins apart

What are the five kinds of myeloid cells?

Erythrocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, megakaryocytes, dendritic cells

What are monocytes

Cells that act as immune cells

What can monocytes turn into?

Macrophages and dendritic cells

What are tissue macrophages and where are they made

Tissue macrophages are monocytes that are produced in the fetal liver and act as sentinel cells for tissues across the body

What makes a monocyte into a macrophage

When the monocyte leaves the vascular and enter the tissue

What are granulocytes

Cells that inject a granule into a pathogen to kill it

What are the types of granulocytes

Neutrophils, basophils/mast cells, eosinophils

What do neutrophils do?

Direct harm to pathogens and repair broken tissues like blood vessels

What do basophils and mast cells do?

Cause allergic responses like wheezing, sneezing, and even death

What do eosinophils do?

Cause antiviral and antiparasite activity

What kind of granules are in neutrophils

Proteases, antimicrobial proteins, protease inhibitors, and histamine

What kind of granules are in eosinophil

Cationic proteins, ribonucleases, cytokines, chemokines

What kind of granules are in basophil and mast cells

Cytokines, lipid mediators, histamines

how do you stain neutrophils?

Using neutral dyes

How do you stain eosinophils

Using eosin (red) dyes

How do you stain basophils and mast cells

Use basic dyes

How do neutrophils and eosinophils appear when stained

Have a bilobed nucleus

How do mast cells appear when dyed

Have a single nucleus

Where are the different granulocytes found in the body?

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are found in the circulatory system mainly

Mast cells are primarily found in tissues where they act as sentinel cells

What is a common name for megakaryocytes

Platelets

What do megakaryocytes do

Help coagulate blood

Where are megakaryocytes found

They live in the bone marrow and produce platelets

Where are dendritic cells found

In the tissues where they act as sentinel cells

What are dendritic cells important for?

The activation of naive T cells

What is the life cycle of mononucleosis phagocytes?

Bone marrow makes monocytes

Monocytes enter circulation

Monocyte goes into infected/injured tissue and becomes a macrophage

Macrophage becomes activated and eats microbes