Postmodernism

Introduction - What view do postmodernists reject?

The view that we live in a modern society

Introduction - What has this modern society, that postmodernists reject, become?

More civilised

Introduction - What has this modern society, that postmodernists reject, characterised by?

• Progression

• Truth

• Certainty

• Social freedom

• The presence of social facts

Introduction - What do postmodernists believe?

Nothing is certain, except change occurs

Introduction - What is the society that we live in, dominated by?

A pick and mix culture

Introduction - What does this pick and mix culture mean?

We choose ideas, products and clothing from a variety of sources and tends to be individualistic

Introduction - Because of this pick and mix culture, what has this led society to become?

Unpredictable

Introduction - What do postmodernists state about the role of the education system?

They are uncertain and different for all individuals

Introduction - How could you describe the postmodernists approach?

Very different in comparison to the modernist theories

Introduction - What are the modernist theories?

• Functionalism

• Marxism

• Feminism

Introduction - What do these modernist theories believe?

The education system socialises us into one collective culture

INTRODUCTION FINISHED

INTRODUCTION FINISHED

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - What has the education system become over the years?

More diverse

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - With the education system becoming more diverse, what does this reflect?

The key characteristics of postmodernism

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - What do theories such as Marxism advocate?

How the education system transmits one shared bourgeoise value system

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - Though Marxists believe in the single shared value system, what do Postmodernists argue?

Education promotes diversity and individualism

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - In addition to what the education system promotes, what do Postmodernists argue about today’s economy?

It has moved beyond factory labour

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - With the economy moving beyond factory work, what is now required?

A labour market

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - What does this labour market have to be?

• Flexible

• Adaptable

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - Because of this changed economy, what does this require the education system to provide?

A diverse skills based curriculum

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - What should this curriculum equip learners with?

The attributes to work in a dynamic and evolving employment sector

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - What do teachers now place heavier emphasis on?

Skills within the subjects they teach, in addition to the content itself

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - What is now outdated to think?

Its outdated to think of our education as uniformly socialising all children into the same knowledge base

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - What do Usher & Edwards believe there should not be?

A single curriculum

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - Instead of a single curriculum, what should schools do?

Teach different things

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - What should education do?

Cater to all

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - With the education system catering to all, what does this mean?

Catering to all. Whatever the individuals’ social class, sexual orientation, ethnicity and gender

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - By catering to all, what is there now a wider range of?

Courses and subjects to study in higher education than before

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - Examples of the courses and subjects you can study in higher education?

• Ethical hacking

• Surf science

• Circus

• Over 50,000 degrees

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - What is an example of the education system teaching students skills?

Covid 19 students had to learn online and adopt new ways. This shows there is no single way to learn

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - Evaluation - How could the extent of diversity in the education system be described?

As exaggerated

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - Evaluation - What example shows how the education system’s diversity is exaggerated?

Nearly all schools must follow the national curriculum

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - Evaluation - By following the national curriculum, how is each student assessed?

Against an objective standard, which is the same for all

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - Evaluation - Marxists - What view would Marxists disagree with Postmodernists on?

On the view of equipping students with a diverse skills set for the economy

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - Evaluation - Marxists - What would Bowles and Gintis instead suggest the education system teaches?

Obedience

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - Evaluation - Marxists - According to Bowles and Gintis, what does the education system penalise?

Signs of individualism and creativity

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - FINISHED

Education And Diversity - Usher & Edwards - FINISHED

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - What does Lyotard say there is no longer?

Social facts

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - For example, what view would Postmodernists reject?

Marxists for believing that capitalism is the sole cause of social class conflict

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - What do Postmodernists believe we no longer have?

Meta narratives of absolute knowledge

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - What does meta narratives of absolute knowledge mean?

Having one way of thinking

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - What is an example of meta narratives of absolute knowledge?

Science

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - How is science an example of meta narratives of absolute knowledge?

Once science was seen as the only and best way of thinking as it had brought major technology changes and the ability to cure human diseases. However, it has also brought bad things. Such as global warming and weapons of mass destruction

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - Because of the change of how science was viewed, what does this mean?

Any ‘truth’ claim is now seen as relative and we don’t have to believe it as its up for debate

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - What does the relativism of truth mean?

The idea there is no single objective truth that applies to all. What people believe is true depends on perspectives, culture, context and situations. No one truth is universally correct

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - What is an example of relativism of truth?

Covid 19

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - How is Covid 19 an example of the relativism of truth?

Because of the vaccines. They were widely supported by many, until conspiracy theories began

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - Where has the relativism of truth been reflected?

In the education system

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - What subject, is an example where there is relativism of truth and debate?

Sociology

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - Why is sociology an example where there is relativism of truth and debate?

Every idea is open for criticism

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - In sociology, what is there not?

No single correct way of being a sociologist

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - Because there is not a single correct way of being a sociologist, what is there instead?

Competing perspectives which challenge each other and seek to present their version of reality as the most accurate

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - Consequently, what do Postmodernists argue teachers and educators are?

Biased

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - Why are educators and teachers viewed as biased?

As they construct knowledge with children

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - What may happen to the knowledge of one generation?

It may be incorrect in another

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - What could possibly happen in the future?

People will look at our ideas with disbelief

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - With people in the future looking at our ideas in disbelief, what is this construction as?

Discourse

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - Evaluation 1 - What is knowledge not?

Subjective

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - Evaluation 1 - What could show knowledge is not subjective?

If a family member is ill. Most would go to the hospital and put trust in modern medicine over alternatives such as crystal healing or homeopathy

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - Evaluation 2 - What do not all subjects in education have?

The same level of disagreement

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - Evaluation 2 - What are examples of subjects with high levels of disagreement?

• Psychology

• Sociology

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - Evaluation 2 - What is an example of a subject with little disagreement?

Science - few physicists would disagree of the presence of gravity as a scientific fact

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - FINISHED

Education And Relativism Of Truth - Lyotard - FINISHED

Education And Individualism - Dewey - What does education today have a big focus on?

Becoming increasingly individualised

Education And Individualism - Dewey - How has education become more individualised?

• Timetable

• Set or stream

• Study options

• Units and modules

Education And Individualism - Dewey - What may happen to student timetables?

They may be changed

Education And Individualism - Dewey - Why may timetables be changed?

In order to accommodate provision of emerging needs

Education And Individualism - Dewey - What examples can show how timetables are changed for such reasons?

• Student support classes

• Behavioural referrals

Education And Individualism - Dewey - What is each pupil placed in?

A set or stream

Education And Individualism - Dewey - What does a set or stream best suit?

A students own individual ability

Education And Individualism - Dewey - At key stage four, what can students choose?

Their own study options

Education And Individualism - Dewey - What do these study options reflect?

The students own interests

Education And Individualism - Dewey - Once again, when can students choose their own study options?

At key stage five level

Education And Individualism - Dewey - What does education become at university level?

Increasingly individualised

Education And Individualism - Dewey - How is education more individualised at university level?

Students choose their own subjects. But also the units and modules within the subject

Education And Individualism - Dewey - What does Dewey claim about the postmodern society?

There has been major changes to education

Education And Individualism - Dewey - Where does Dewey believe students thrive?

In an individualised environment

Education And Individualism - Dewey - In an individualised environment, what are students allowed to do?

Experience and interact with the curriculum

Education And Individualism - Dewey - In an individualised environment, what should all students have the opportunity to take part in?

Their own learning

Education And Individualism - Dewey - According to Postmodernists, is education only a place to gain content knowledge?

No

Education And Individualism - Dewey - What else is education a place to do?

• A place to learn how to be an individual

• Realise their own potential

Education And Individualism - Dewey - As teachers train and learn the craft of their profession, what will they be instructed on?

The importance of personalised learning and differentiation

Education And Individualism - Dewey - What does personalised learning and differentiation mean?

Recognising that each class is made up of diverse needs with individual learning styles that require unique responses

Education And Individualism - Dewey - What is an example of teachers personalising learning?

• Adapting resources

• Sentence starters

• Model answers

Education And Individualism - Dewey - What does this trend toward individualism reflect?

The wider individualism we see in post modern society

Education And Individualism - Dewey - Evaluation - Functionalist - What would Functionalists disagree on?

The idea that the education system promotes individualism

Education And Individualism - Dewey - Evaluation - Functionalist - Rather than promoting individualism, according to Functionalists, what is the education system designed to promote?

A value consensus

Education And Individualism - Dewey - Evaluation - Functionalist - What does a value consensus reflect?

A collective conscience

Education And Individualism - Dewey - Evaluation - Functionalist - For example, today what is every school in the UK obliged to teach?

The British values and the importance of democracy

Education And Individualism - Dewey - Evaluation - Feminists - What idea would feminists challenge?

The idea that individualism is a cornerstone of the education system

Education And Individualism - Dewey - Evaluation - Feminists - Instead, what is there?

A similar experience faced by all females of patriarchy

Education And Individualism - Dewey - Evaluation - Feminists - What does the patriarchy seek to do to women?

Place them in an inferior social role

Education And Individualism - Dewey - Evaluation - Feminists - What is an example of the patriarchy placing women in inferior roles?

The way the male gaze objectifies women

Education And Individualism - Dewey - FINISHED

Education And Individualism - Dewey - FINISHED

Education, Choice And Consumerism - Policy - What did marketisation introduce?

A system known as open enrolment

Education, Choice And Consumerism - Policy - What did open enrolment do?

Moved school admissions away from a traditional catchment area

Education, Choice And Consumerism - Policy - With a catchment area, what did parents have?

Little choice where they sent their children

Education, Choice And Consumerism - Policy - Now what can parents do?

Decide from the various different forms of provision what is their ideal choice

Education, Choice And Consumerism - Policy - What do league tables, school prospectus’ and Ofsted reports do?

Help to inform decisions and cement the position of the parent as a consumer

Education, Choice And Consumerism - Policy - Even before children start school, what can we see?

The sense of choice present in the education system