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What is the psychological reason for producing an action called?
Motivation.
What primarily drives motivation according to the notes?
Emotion.
What principle did Plato and Aristotle believe human motivation is centered on?
The hedonic principle.
What is the hedonic principle?
Our primary motivator for everything we do is ultimately pleasure.
What must be satisfied first according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
The lowest level of the hierarchy.
What are physiological needs?
Basic needs for survival: food, water, shelter, sleep, and air.
What needs are associated with security and stability?
Safety needs.
What types of needs involve relationships and community according to Maslow?
Love and belonging needs.
What do esteem needs refer to?
The need for self-esteem, respect, recognition, and a sense of accomplishment.
What is self-actualization?
Realizing personal potential, growth, creativity, and achieving one’s fullest potential.
What motivates behavior related to biological needs?
Drives.
What is an example of a drive?
Hunger, which motivates eating.
What pulls us toward satisfying a drive?
Incentives.
What describes involvement with positive outcomes?
Approach.
What is avoidance in motivation?
Involvement with negative, undesirable outcomes.
What is the intrinsic motivation?
Doing something for yourself.
What is extrinsic motivation?
Doing something for a separate reward, often social or monetary.
What does personality encompass?
An individual’s characteristic style of behavior, thought, and feeling.
What are the two main approaches in studying personality?
Idiographic approach (individuals) and nomothetic approach (common trends in the population).
What are personality inventories?
Standardized questionnaires used to measure personality.
What technique uses ambiguous stimuli to reveal personality traits?
Projective techniques.
What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?
A widely reliable, clinically valid personality test.
What are the Big Five personality traits?
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
What factor is largely responsible for personality traits?
Genetics.
What are Freud's three parts of the dynamic unconscious?
Id, Ego, and Superego.
What is the focus of the oral stage in Freud's psychosexual stages?
Pleasure from the mouth.
How does fixation in the anal stage manifest?
As an overly organized or messy personality.
What complex is associated with the phallic stage?
Oedipus/Electra complex.
During which stage are sexual impulses dormant?
Latency stage.
What is the focus of the genital stage?
Mature, intimate relationships and sexual fulfillment.
What projective technique uses inkblots to assess personality?
Rorschach inkblot test.
What does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) involve?
Showing ambiguous scenes and asking individuals to make up a story about them.
What theory emphasizes positive reinforcement based on behavior outcomes?
Social-Cognitive Approach.
How do humanistic theories view human nature?
As positive and optimistic, believing in free will.
What is self-actualization in the humanistic approach?
Realizing one’s inner potential.
What did Maslow's needs hierarchy suggest about self-actualization?
It is achieved only when all other needs are met.
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