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bulk packaging
a method of containing loose or granular materials for shipping or storage
a method of assembling many items into a container for shipment or storage.
consumer packaging
preparation of goods for marketing and sales through channels of commerce leading to delivery to the ultimate individual user of the goods
intermediate/secondary packaging
a wrap or container holding two or more primary/unit packages of identical items, but not suitable as a shipping unit. Also called a secondary package
industrial packaging
preparation of goods for distribution from one manufacturer to another manufacturer, and to customers other than retail customers
containerization
a shipping method in which products are packed together in one container
the use of intermodal containers to unitize cargo for transportation and storage
crate
a rigid shipping container of framed construction that may or may not be enclosed with sheathing
cushioning
a material used to reduce the amount of shock or vibration or both that is transmitted to a packaged product from an externally applied force
carton
a folding box, generally made of boxboard, for merchandising consumer quantities of products
dunnage
a material or system used to fill space in a shipping container or to position (block or brace) the contents in a container
fragility
the relative ability of a product to absorb shock without damage; often denoted as the ratio of the maximum acceleration the product can safely withstand (G) to the acceleration of gravity (g)
pack
to place articles into a shipping container for handling, storage and transportation.
(v) could be used interchangeably
package
(n) a container that provides the means for protecting and handling a product
(v) to design, manufacture or provide protection to a product
packaging
the design criteria, processes, and procedure used to prepare and protect goods for distribution
primary packaging
a container that directly holds the products
the first wrap or container applied to a single item or group of identical items, constituting a complete and identifiable package
Also called a “unit package”.
shipping container
a container that is sufficiently strong to be used in commerce to pack, store, and ship commodities
May be a primary, intermediate, or tertiary (third-level) package.
box
a rigid container having closed faces and completely enclosing its contents
transport/distribution packaging
methods and materials used to protect goods during the process of distribution (handling, storage, and transportation)
It includes all industrial packaging and the shipping containers/unitizing for consumer packaging. (same as “distribution packaging”)
unitization
the process of assembling a group of containers or items in a single load that can be mechanically handled as a unit
pallet load
a group of containers or items on a pallet, forming a single load for mechanical handling
shipping unit
the smallest complete unit that will be subjected to the distribution environment—for example, a shipping container with its contents; a unit load of containers
container
a nonspecific term for a receptacle capable of closure- for example, a box, drum, bag, pail, crate, bottle, can
spending too much
overpackaging, too much on materials=
spending too little
damage to goods=
plastics
the 1960s was the rise in ______
distribution packaging
A device which provides are protective interface between a fragile product and a harmful environment at the lowest total cost
Containment
Protection
Convenience/Performance
Information/Communication
packaging functions (4)
the primary purpose of any protective package
to ensure the integrity and safety of its contents throughout the entire distribution cycle
more sustainable
cube efficiency=
primary packaging
Packaging that is next to the product
secondary packaging
Contains the Primary package, next layer out
tertiary packaging
Typically, the distribution package; the next layer after secondary
quaternary packaging
A unit load (pallet) is what level of packaging?
packaging cost v. damage losses
distribution packaging
preserve product integrity during distribution while maintaining the lowest total product cost
3, 10
the total cost of transportation is between ___ and ___ times as much as packaging on average for all shipments
•Less corrugate
•Visibility (know how careful to be)
•Quality assurance (can see if there’s any damage beforehand)
•Increase cube efficiency on back of truck
•Possible damage on front from lack of cover
•Less vibration resistance
•No graphics on update packaging
•Might not be sustainable b/c even though volume of packaging is decreased, if the product is damaged then it is wasted
total system approach for packaging this appliance considerations
Product enhancement
less packaging needed, has to happen early in the production process
potential problems, design considerations
•Locating inventory
•Safety (tip-over)
•Lack of climate-control
•No rhyme/reason to their stacking (ex: might have a heavy package on top of a small one)
•Disregard of markings on box saying fragile
Define the Environment
Assess Product Fragility
Provide Product Improvement Feedback
Evaluate Material Performance
Design Package System
Test Product/Package System
distribution packaging design (6)
-be able to list
define the environment
marketing
distribution
hazards
assess product fragility
∙Shock- ex: arm knocking it into place
∙Compression- how it’s being stored
∙Vibration- types of transportation modes (ex: high on truck)
∙Abrasion- does it have a lot of graphics on it
∙Moisture
∙Oxygen
∙Electrostatic Discharge- electronics sensitive
∙Temperature
∙Gases
provide product improvement feedback
∙Fragility test results
∙Determined by:
Product fragility and product manufacturing costs
Product fragility and packaging costs
Size, weight, shape of the product/package system and the transportation, material handling, warehousing costs
evaluate material performance
∙Shock
∙Vibration
∙Compression
∙Permeability
∙Temperature
∙Humidity
∙Other
Supplier information
design packaging system
∙Based on information from 1, 2, 3, & 4
∙Compromises made be needed
∙Packing methods
∙Closure methods
∙Load stabilization
∙Pallet cube efficiency
∙Truck cube efficiency
test product/package system
∙Test prototype package system
Shock
Vibration
Compression
Humidity
Temperature
ISTA
ASTM D4169 (2)
Other methods
Track actual shipping performance
DOT
who regulates hazardous materials?
rigorous
the package must be designed for the most _______ of the transportation modes
hazmat
also known as dangerous goods
code of federal regulations
CFR
common carrier
Transportation companies that offer their services to any shipper to transport goods between designated points at published rates
-ex: fedex, UPS
national motor freight traffic association (NMFTA)
who publishes ITEMS?
NMFTA
National motor freight classification (NMFC) falls under…
american short line and regional railroad association
who publishes RULES?
american short line and regional railroad association
uniform freight classification falls under…
SLED
given this name bc they alphabetically list all “articles” that are permissible for shipping and then classify each with a freight rating based on a number of factors, such as
Stowability
Liability
Ease of handling
Density (primary determinant)
what does SLED stand for?
18
commodities grouped into one of how many classes? (NMFTA classifications)
50
low of class (commodities under NMFTA classification)=
500
high of class (commodities under NMFTA classification)(costly)=
bill of lading
proof of shipment
legally binding contract b/w you and carrier
establishes:
documentation of goofs
receipt for shipped product
agreed terms and conditions for how they’ll be transported
uniform freight classification (UFC)
•Govern shipments by railroad
•Packaging requirements are contained in a set of Rules, numbered from 1-61
NMFC
Has become an LTL common carrier document since all truckload shipments now move under a contract basis
Minimum packaging required by the carrier for a given product; search for a generic description in the “List of Articles”
item 180
which item # is LTL (less than truckload)?
item 181
which item # is furniture?
item 222
which item # Contains requirements for corrugated and solid fiberboard boxes?
Virtually identical to Rule 41
rule 41
Set quality standards (burst strength/basis weight) for “articles” in corrugated boxes
Based on total gross weight and “united dimensions”
Box Manufacturer’s Certificate (BMC)
BMC
two types
Circular- boxes that meet the general requirements for Item 222 or Rule 41
Rectangular- boxes that meet the specifications for a numbered package
ECT
•1990
•Proposed changes to Item 222 and Rule 41
•Allowing use of this as an option
•Predicts compressive strength
•Name/location of entity certifying the information
•Minimum material specification
•ECT or Burst Strength and Basis Weight
•Gross weight & size limits
•Number if applicable
•Must be on an outside surface
list 3 BMC requirements
department of labor
DOL
rough handling
what is generally the hazard that causes the most damage to most products?
shock
vibration
compression
environmental
4 categories of distribution environments
vertical
horizontal
2 subcategories of shock
static
dynamic
2 categories of compression
shock
A disturbance characterized by a rise and decay of acceleration over a short period of time
amplitude
time duration
two components of shock
fatigue
how much can it bend and give before it breaks
fracture
package or item breaks
abrasion
as things rub, ink might come off or get scuffed
static
compression for a longer time
dynamic
compression for a shorter time but greater load?
altitude variation
Volume of air in a hermetically sealed package can change is called…
humidity
•Effects of corrugated fiber board
•Vibration
•Shock
•Dynamic compression
road hazards
•Vibration
•Shock
•Dynamic compression
rail hazards
•Compression
•Low-frequency vibration
•Load shifts
ship hazards
•High frequency
•Pressure changes
Temperature extremes
air hazards
hazardous materials
a substance or material that the Secretary of Transportation has determined is capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when transported in commerce, and has been designated as hazardous under section 5103 of Federal hazardous materials transportation law (49 U.S.C. 5103).
packager/shipper
hazmat packaging responsibility falls on the…
pipeline and hazardous materials safety administration
PHMSA
the primary administration that deals with HAZMAT
office of hazardous materials enforcement
OHME
group that inspect in order to ensure hazardous materials are properly transported
correctly classified
packaged
marked
labeled
documented
packager/shipper responsibilities (5)
material reductions
dispensing enhancements
secondary packaging systems
process waste
hazmat packaging design considerations (4)
UN label
This refers to a “Package” (container, closure, packing and box as one unit) which has been “certified” for performance by the United Nations
packaging group
what is category “e” on a UN label?
Group I, II, III
(high hazard level)
packaging group X=
group II, III
(medium hazard level)
packaging group Y=
group III
(low hazard level)
packaging group Z=
Note
Flashcard