Pediatric HIV Study Guide - Vocabulary Flashcards

A set of vocabulary-style flashcards covering transmission, treatment, infant management, testing, disease progression, and common pediatric HIV-related conditions based on the provided video notes.

Vertical transmission

Transmission of HIV from mother to fetus/newborn; primary mode discussed and can be decreased with antiretroviral medication (e.g., ZDV) during pregnancy.

Horizontal transmission

Transmission of HIV through sexual contact or shared needles/drug use.

Zidovudine (ZDV)

Antiretroviral used during pregnancy and labor to reduce mother-to-child transmission; given to the infant for 6 weeks postnatally.

Delivery method for high maternal viral load

Cesarean section if maternal viral load is greater than 1000 copies/mL to reduce transmission risk.

Breastfeeding recommendation for HIV-positive mothers in the US

No breastfeeding; formula feeding only.

Common clinical manifestations of pediatric HIV/AIDS

Lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, thrush, diarrhea, failure to thrive, developmental delays, parotitis.

ELISA/Western Blot accuracy in children

Most accurate in children over 18 months because maternal antibodies may persist in younger children.

HIV progression to AIDS in children

Progression can be faster than in adults, often within about 1 year; children experience more infections.

PCR testing in infants (screening and confirmatory)

PCR used to screen infants 1–3 months old; a positive result requires a confirmatory test between 4–6 months.

Management of HIV-exposed infants (postnatal)

Infant receives ZDV for 6 weeks; newborns are tested at birth, 1–2 months, and 4–6 months.

Infant testing if initial newborn test is negative

Repeat testing at 1–2 months and again at 4–6 months.

Clinical Stage progression terms

Stage N: Positive but asymptomatic;

Stage A: Mild symptoms;

Stage B: Moderate symptoms;

Stage C: Severe symptoms; AIDS relates to the immunological stage.

Immunological stage levels

Stage 1: No evidence of suppression; Stage 2: Moderate suppression; Stage 3: Severe suppression.

AIDS indicators in children under 13

Serious bacterial infections; wasting syndrome; LIP (lymphoid interstitial pneumonia); CMV; Cryptosporidiosis; MAC; PJP.

CD4+ cell count significance

Assesses immune system response to therapy, risk of disease progression, and need for PCP prophylaxis.

HIV testing considerations in adolescents

Confidentiality and appropriate consent, with attention to risk behaviors and sensitive communication.

Medication dosing transition for adolescents

Dosing shifts from pediatric to adult formulations/amounts at Tanner stages 3–5.

Common barriers to medication adherence

Drug resistance; Side effects; Difficulty adjusting to routines; Denial by patient and caregiver; Embarrassment about dx; Financial/insurance and access issues.

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP)

Opportunistic lung infection common in HIV; requires prophylaxis in certain cases.

LIP (lymphoid interstitial pneumonia)

LIP: chronic lung condition that can resemble asthma in symptoms and treatment.

CMV in HIV-infected children

Cytomegalovirus can cause hearing, vision, and motor impairments.

Cryptosporidiosis in HIV

Parasitic infection that can cause severe diarrhea.

MAC (Mycobacterium avium complex) in HIV

Mycobacteria that can present with papule nodules or disseminated infection.