Osmosis

Cohesion

Hydrogen bonds cause water molecules to stick to each other, creating surface tension and high capillarity.

Adhesion

Hydrogen bonds causing water molecules stick to surfaces

Thermal Property of Water

high specific heat capacity, high melting point, and high boiling point.

universal solvent

water

Osmosis

Movement of water across a permeable membrane from low solute (more water) to high solute (less water) concentration.

Hypertonic Solution

Dehydrate human cells, causing them to shrink and die.

Hypotonic solutions

Cause human cells to swell and burst due to the influx of water.

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment

Positive feedback

Amplifies a change until a certain point

Negative feedback

Counteracts a change to maintain a set point

Thermoregulation

Controls core body temperature to maintain a set point, using mechanisms like sweating, shivering, and blood flow adjustments.

Blood Glucose Control

• Insulin (β-cells): Lowers blood glucose by signaling cells to absorb glucose.

• Glucagon (α-cells): Raises blood glucose by stimulating liver to release glucose

type 1 diabetes

The exact cause is unknown, but it's believed to be a combination of factors:

• Genetics: Having a family history increases risk.

• Autoimmune Response: The body's immune system mistakenly attacks insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas.

• Environmental Triggers: Possible triggers include viruses or exposure to certain chemicals, although research is ongoing

Cause of Type II Diabetes

Overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity

use of kidney

removes urea and osmoregulate our blood

What is Kidney Disease

a condition where the kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood properly, leading to waste buildup and potential health complications.

Ultrafiltration in the Kidneys

Process in the kidneys where blood is filtered to form urine, occurring in the glomerulus and facilitated by pressure gradients.

Neurons

Individual cells that transmit electrical impulses.

Nerves

Bundles of neurons that work together to transmit information over long distances.

Reflex Arc

Neurons involved in an automatic response to a stimulus.

Myelination

Fatty sheath around some nerve fibers that speeds up electrical impulse transmission

Saltatory Conduction

Electrical impulses jump across gaps between myelin sheaths, making transmission faster.

Synapses

junctions between neurons and between neurons and receptor or effector cells.

condensation in metabolism

a chemical process where 2 molecules are joined together to make a larger, more complex, molecule, with the loss of water

examples of disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

function of water in biological systems

specific heat capacity, adhesion and cohision

amino acids

fundamental molecule that serves as the building blocks for proteins

3 biomolecules

corbohydrates, lipids, amino