Pope Innocent VII (1492)
recipient of the first blood transfusion in history, which was unsuccessful
Karl Landsteiner (1901)
discovered ABO blood groups and explained transfusion reaction
Von Decastello & Sturli (1902)
discovered AB blood group
Edward Lindemann (1913)
used vein-to-vein transfusion by multiple syringes
Albert Hustin (1914)
used Sodium citrate as anticoagulant for indirect blood transfusion
Rous & Turner (1916)
introduced citrate-dextrose solution for preservation of blood
Karl Landsteiner & Alex Weiner (1940)
discovered Rh blood group
Robin Coombs, Arthur Mourant, & Rob Race (1945)
described the use of AHG
George Kohler & Cesar Milstein (1975)
discovered monoclonal antibodies thru Hybridoma technology
>75% ; 24 hours
A blood transfusion is SUCCESSFUL if __% of transfused RBCs remain viable in the bloodstream for __ hours.
<1%
Free hemoglobin should be less than __% of total hemoglobin.
1-6 °C
storage temperature of Whole Blood & RBC units
1-10 °C
shipping/transport temperature of Whole Blood & RBC units
4 hours
Manual checking of storage temperature is done every __ hours.
20-24 °C
storage temperature for Platelet Con. and Granulocyte Con.
-18 °C
storage temperature for FFP, PF24, and Cryoprecipitate
Bacterial Contamination
the effect if temperature requirement of blood products is not followed
Plasma Discoloration & Clot Formation
indications of bacterial contamination in blood products
Increased
Increased or Decreased
RBC Storage Lesion:
Plasma Potassium
Plasma Hemoglobin
Lactic Acid
Decreased
Increased or Decreased
RBC Storage Lesion:
ATP levels and Glucose consumption
2,3 DPG
pH
dehydrated & rigid
Low ATP levels cause RBCs to appear _____, resulting to the leakage of Hemoglobin and Potassium to the plasma.
Left Shift
shift that occurs when there is a decrease in 2,3 DPG
21 days
shelf life of ACD-A
21 days
shelf life of CPD and CP2D
35 days
shelf life of CPDA-1
42 days
shelf life of CPDA-2
Citrate
chelates Calcium ions
Phosphate
preserves 2,3 DPG and maintains pH
Dextrose
substrate for ATP production
Adenine
maintains ATP levels
1:9
citrate to blood ratio
Citrate Toxicity
In massive transfusion, this is a common disadvantage because it causes hypocalcemia.
Additive / SAGM
Adsol / AS-1
Nutricel / AS-3
Optisol / AS-5
SOLX / AS-7
are examples of ____ solutions.
Mannitol
component in SAGM solution that serves as RBC membrane stabilizing agent
42 days
shelf life of SAGM
True
True or False:
SAGM is added only to RBC units within the 72 hours of storage.
Rejuvenation
PIPA or PIGPA are components of ____ solution.
24 hours
Rejuvenation solution can extend the shelf life of red cells to ___.
3 days
An advantage of rejuvenation solution is that it can be added ____ after expiration of red cells.
Phosphate
Inosine
Pyruvate
components of PIPA that maintain 2,3 DPG
Rejuvesol
the FDA-approved rejuvenation solution in the US
Red Cell Freezing
RBC preservation technique for autologous donation
10 years ; -65°C
Red cell freezing can preserve red cells up to _ years at _ °C.
40% w/v Glycerol
most common cryoprotective agent that prevents intracellular dehydration of RBCs
Deglycerolization
In red cell freezing, ____ is done prior to transfusion.
12% NaCl
1.6% NaCl
0.9% NaCl with 0.2% Dextrose
0.9% NaCl Saline Solution
Deglycerolization washing steps
RBC Substitutes
carry and transfer oxygen in the absence of intact RBCs
Perfluorochemicals
Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers
examples of RBC substitutes
Blood Pharming
production of RBCs from stem cells grown in the lab
Platelet Concentrate
blood product that is most prone to bacterial contamination due to storage temperature
Cold-induced Platelet Aggregation
Loss of Viability
effects of refrigerating platelets
5 days
shelf life of platelets
Continuous Gentle Agitation
Upon storage at room temperature, this facilitates Oxygen transfer to platelet bag and maintains platelet pH
pH 6.2 or higher
pH of platelets
Platelet Swirling
done to assess platelets for the presence of a moving, varied color appearance when backlit and no visible aggregation, which suggests viability
Increased
Increased or Decreased
Platelet Storage Lesion:
Lactate
Degranulation
Platelet activation markers
Decreased
Increased or Decreased
Platelet Storage Lesion:
pH
ATP
Platelet aggregation agonists
discoid to spherical
Platelet Storage Lesion:
Change of shape that indicates loss of swirling effect