Plant Diversity

Colonial organisms

first step to multicellularity was

No

in colonial organisms were the clumped cells differentiated

Multicellular

more than one cell type in an organism

Fungi

who came first plants or fungi

All green plants have

chlorophyll a and b, starch for storage and cellulose in cell walls

Only in land plants

spores and apical meristems and plasmodesmata are found in only ….

Storage

function of starch in green plants

Cell wall - function of cellulose in green plants

Localized growth

function of apical meristems in land plants

Cell communication

function of plasmodesmata in land plants

Vascular tissue

cells specialized for transport of fluids allowed increase in stature in plants

Leaves

specialized organ for photosynthesis in plants

Roots

uptake of water and minerals is done by ____ in plants

Seeds

next generation of plants is dispersed with food dormancy through ____

Flowers

pollinators enable wide crossing and increase diversity on ___

Sporophyte

plant body produces cells that undergo meiosis which produce spores

Gametophyte

plant body produces gametes that develop from spores

Alteration of generation

when do plants alter between a vascular and nonvascular plant stage

Nonvascular plants

smaller and dominant gametophyte, small live in moist environments with a simple body that lack seed stems roots and vascular tissue

Nonvascular plants include

mosses liverworts and hornworts

MOSS LIFE CYCLE

Vascular plants

tracheids conduct water over long distances are generally bigger and dominant sporophyte with roots and some make seeds

First vascular plants

stem only no leaves or roots and it branched at the tip in a dichotomous equal split

2

how many origin of leaves

Microphylls

flattened sterile sporangia that formed leaves

Megaphylls

aka true leaves formed by fusions of side branches

Lycophytes

club mosses with microphylls and dichotomous branching, spores produced in sporangia in strobilus without seeds very uncommon now

Ferns include

horsetail, whisk ferns, ferns

Ferns

do not produce seed but has chloroplasts

Horsetail

unbranced stem with small leaves in whorls

Whisk ferns

no leaves non roots dictomous branching in fern family

Ferns

most diverse fern group with true leaves and roots and both the gametophyte and sporophyte are green and photosynthetic

Seed plants

gymnospores and angiosperms are ____

Seeds

protect nourish embryo, allows survival through unfavorable conditions , and found in >80% of biomass, sperm nonmotile contained in pollen

Nonmotile sperm in seeds

how are plants no longer dependent on water for fertizilation and is contained in pollen

Gymnosperms

naked seed plants, seed from cones not flowers

Gymnosperms include

cycads, gnetales, ginkgo, conifers

Angiosperms

flowering plants, seeds produced in an ovary part of the flower, most diverse group, animal pollinaters

Monocots

70,000 species of these angiosperms

Eudicots

170,000 species of these angiosperms

Flowers

how are angiosperms identified

Angiosperms

monocots and eudicots are ___

Monocots

have one cotyledon, veins are parallel, complex vascular bundles, flowers in multiples of 3,fibrous root system

(Eu)Dicots

2 cotyledons, netlike veins, ring vascular bundles, taproot, floral parts are in 4 or 5 multiples

Eudicots

daises and relatives, legumes (peas and beans), roses are ___

Monocots

palms, cereal grains, other grasses, lilies, orchids and irises are ___

Morphology

external organization

Anatomy - internal organization and arrangement of cell types into tissues

Roots

uptake water and minerals

Shoots

photosynthesis and reproduction

Dynamic architecture

continually grow throughout their lives is a special feature of plants called

Systems

plant ____ include root and shoot

Organs

plant ____- include root, stem and lead

Vegetative

stems, leaves, no flowers state

Reproductive

flowers and fruits as well as stems and leaves are part of the ____ state

Root function

anchorage, absorption of water, minerals, storage

Root forms

tap fibrous adventitious

Shoot

includes the stem, leaf and bud

Terminal buds

new growth at tips of stems

Axillary buds

growth in axils of leaves

Forms branches

vegetative part of shoot

Forms flowers

reproductive part of shoot

Stem

used for support, transport, storage in a plant

Stem morphology types

rhizome, bulb, tuber, and runner are types of

Leaves

function is photosynthesis and are borad and flattened

Max effficeny gas uptake and light absorption

why are leaves flat

Auxillary bud

all leaves have 1 ____

Support

tedril leaves are for

Protection

spine leaves are for

Water storage

fleshy leaves are for

Associated with flowering

what are bract leaves for

Dermal tissue system

outer covering of plant

Ground tissue system 0 carries out photosynthesis and stores products

Vascular tissue system

conducts water and solutes throughout the plant

Bryophytes

simplest land platns with less specialized anatomy and a single layer of photosynthetic structures and water conducting cells are not vascular

Special features of plant cells

chloroplasts, large vacuole, cell wall and plasmodesmata are ___

Primary walls

in plant cell division all new walls start as

Secondary wall

can be added layer in plant cell division internal to primary wall

Parenchyma

plant cell type that is alive and only has primary cell wall and carries out diverse metabolic process most commmen

Sclerenchyma

thick secondary walls strengthen with lignin used for support and rigidity DEAD cell type ,,, Plasmadesmata are crushed so no transport of nutrients

Fibers

long slender sclerenchyma cells

Sclereids

isodiametric sclerenchyma cells used as nut covers

Xylem

tissue that conducts water includes conducting cells like tracheids and vessel elements

Conducting cells for water

tracheid and vessel elements are ____ that move ____

Phloem

tissue that conducts food in plants in things like bark with sieve elements as the conduncting cells

Conducting cells for food

sieve elements are __ that move ___

Meristems

growing points at tips of roots and shoot in buds

Meristem cells

not differentiated still can divide

Root apical meristem

new daughter cells are produced in the _____

Root cap

which is constantly being eroded away

Palisade mesophyll cells

top of leaf area mainly for light reaction of photosynthesis, densely packed

Spongey mesophyll cells

bottom of leaf mainly for dark rxn of photosynthesis and gas exchange, loosely packed

Stroma

holes in leaf for gas exchange

Guard cells

open and close the stroma

Pith

in the middle stem

Vascular cambium

separates the phloem and xylem

Cortex

between phloem and epidermis in a stem

Xylem

what goes toward the middle of the stem (x or p)

Phloem

what goes toward the outside of the stem in the vascular bundles (x or p)

Cambium cells

are able to divide and differentiate into xylem and phloem