Studied by 52 people
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Indirect Development
it involves a dramatic change from egg to a different-looking larva before becoming an adult, seen in animals like butterflies and frogs
Cleavage
rapid, multiple rounds of mitotic cell division where the overall size of the embryo does not increase. The developing embryo is called a blastula following completion of
Gills
water enters exoskeleton and circulates over it. Water can be hold in this chamber
Filiform
cone-shaped and distributed on the whole surface of the tongue.
Boron
Cell wall synthesis; enzymatic reactions and metabolic pathways; mitotic activity for root development
Calcium
Component in bone and teeth, blood clotting
This essential element is responsible for the synthesis of the cell wall and cell membrane integrity and the counter ion in the vacuole
Copper
Cofactor for metalloproteins and enzymes; photosynthetic electron transport; cell wall metabolism and hormone signaling; oxidative stress response
Component of enzymes in melanin synthesis, iron metabolism
Iron
Regulatory component of proteins and metabolites in roots and leaves
Component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, etc.
Manganese
Photodestruction of chlorophyll and chloroplast structure; enzyme activator; precursor of amino acid, hormones (auxins) and lignins
Auxin
Antagonistic effect on disease susceptibility and resistance; defense response against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens; stimulates cell elongation from wall-loosening factors, such as elastin; induces growth of pre-existing roots
Brassinosteroids
Structurally related to animal steroid hormones for growth, development, and physiological responses; abiotic stress responses; seed germination; reproductive development; regulate plant defense from pathogens
Jasmonic Acid (JA)
Defense from necrotrophic pathogens and herbivore insects such as caterpillar, beetles, leafhoppers, and spider mites; diverse plant processes such as tendril coiling, leaf senescence, fruit ripening, tuber formation, and stomatal opening
Hormone that defends plants from necrotrophic pathogens and leaf senescence and fruit ripening
Budding
a form of asexual reproduction where an organism develops from an outgrow due to cell division at a particular site on the parent. (Ex. hydras, sponges, corals)
Viviparous
Animals that give birth to offspring. both fertilization, as well as the development of the embryo, takes place inside the female reproductive system.
Phagocytosis
The most common form of digestion adapted by both unicellular and multicellular animals. This process involves an intracellular digestion through fusion of food vacuole and lysosome.
LIPASE
Break down fats (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol
DIET
an organism's structure of teeth and jaw is adapted to it
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
it is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.
Phototropism
A growth response to light
Auxin
Substance that causes growths in opposite sides of a plant
Geotropism
Tropic response to pull of earth
Transduction
occurs when a taste stimulus causes a change in the flow of ions and taste cells.
Nitrogen
General plant growth of roots, stem, leaf, flowers and fruits; chlorophyll synthesis
Phosphorus
Energy transferring process for photosynthesis and respiration (ADP-ATP synthesis); structural component of phospholipids, nucleic acids, coenzymes, and nucleotides
Potassium
Cell extension and stomatal regulation; enzyme activation (kinase, starch synthase, and nitrate reductase); photosynthetic activity (e.g., CO, fixation and pH regulation)
Zinc
Enzymatic function and reactivity; stem elongation; protein and starch synthesis
Abscisic Acid (ABA)
Lateral root inhibition; nutrient starvation stress-protecting hormone (e.g., control of reactive oxygen species); seed germination, leaf senescence, stomatal aperture; adaptation to environmental stress; embryo maturation; plant pathosystems defense responses
inhibits growth in apical buds and seeds.
This hormone is responsible for leaf senescence and fruit ripening.
Cytokinin (CK)
Long distance (root-to-shoot) signals for nitrogen assimilation; seed development; regulation of stem-cell related genes; cell differentiation, chloroplast formation.
Helps in cell differentiation and seed development in the presence of auxins.
The affect of apical dominance can be overcome by this hormone.
Ethylene (ET)
Defense from necrotrophic pathogens and herbivore insects; root hair proliferation and elongation from low iron and lateral root growth from low potassium
Gibberellins (GA)
Response to nutritional limitation; partial regulation of P signaling
Which plant hormone helps in breaking the dormancy of plants
To increase sugar production in sugarcanes, they are sprayed with ___________.
Salicylic Acid (SA)
Activation of defense response from biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic pathogens; establish systemic acquired resistance; inhibit seed germination; increase seed vigor
Animal Reproduction
A fundamental biological process in which new individual organisms are produced from their parents. Animals reproduce asexually, sexually or both.
Regeneration
Involves the production and differentiation of new tissue to replace missing and damaged parts of the body. (Ex. Starfish)
Parthenogenesis
The organism develops from an unfertilized egg. (Ex. insects and reptiles)
Sexual Reproduction
is the creation of an offspring by fusion of male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) to form a zygote
Direct Development
means that animals are born looking like smaller versions of their adult selves, without major changes in their appearance as they grow
Oviparous
Animals that reproduce by laying eggs. In these animals, the process of both fertilization and embryo development does not occur inside the mother.
Fertilization
the process of a single sperm cell combining with a single egg cell to form a zygote
Gastrulation
The dramatic rearrangement (movement) of cells in the blastula to create the embryonic tissue layers. These tissue layers will go on to produce the tissues and organs of the adult animal.
Mitotic division in embryonic development is commonly called _______________.
Organogenesis
the process of organ and tissue formation via cell division and differentiation
Digestive Enzymes
are specialized proteins that play a crucial role in the process of breaking down complex food molecules into smaller, more easily absorbable components.
AMYLASE
Break down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars
Gelatinase
Breaks down collagen, a protein found in connective tissues
CHELICERATES
release an enzyme to their prey and suck the pre-digested food to their system (short gut)
Filter Feeding
obtaining small particles of food (usually in the aquatic environment), from large volumes of water. (Ex: whales & flamingos)
OLIGOCHAETES
Cutaneous exchange - direct gas exchange across the body surface; skin must be moist.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
it is made up of the brain and ventral nerve cords with clusters of neurons called ganglia
Fungiform
mushroom-shaped found at the tip and sides of the tongue.
Foliate
folds along the sides of the tongue.
Circumvallate papillae
flat mounds surrounded by a trench.
Papillae
In reptiles, birds, and mammals, their taste receptors are mainly located on the _________________ of the tongue.
An animal’s tongue usually contains ridges and valleys called _______________.
Cell elongation
The principle effect of auxins causing tropism is to increase the rate of
Shorter
If a coleoptile received light from one side only and the cells were then examined under a microscope, what would the cells on the lighter side look like in comparison of with those on the dark side? On the lighter side, they would be
Senescence
slowing down or aging of a plant
water moves out of the cell.
Complete the statement: 'When solute in solution is higher than in the cell, the...
water moves into the cell.
Complete the statement: When the solute in solution is lower than in the cell, the...
water moves in and out of the cell at the same time.
Complete the statement: When there is an equal amount of solute in cell and solution, ________.
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
The three embryonic germ layers are the ________, ________, and ___________.
skin
nervous
The outer layer of the gastrula is the ectoderm that will give rise to the _________ and __________ system.
endoderm
archenteron
The innermost layer or _________________ surrounds the fluid space called ________________ which will form the digestive tract.
mesoderm
The tissue that develops between these two layers is called _________________.
choanocytes
The cells lining the body of the sponges to initiate and maintain food absorption and elimination of waste are known as ______.
coelom
Annelids, mollusks, echinoderm and chordates develop ______.
translocated
When a plant undergoes senescence, the nutrients may be _______.
glucose
The form of sugar transported through phloem is ______.
synapse
The site of communication between neurons is called ____.
Gibberellic Acid
ABA acts antagonistic to
absorption
ingestion
mechanical processing
Digestive functions
Filtration
NOT a digestive function
Note
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