AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY ULTIMATE REVIEW FLASHCARDS

Incoming Freshman!!!! You are welcome!!!! I GOT A 5!!!!!

Mercator Projection

Accurate direction;distorts size and shape

Goode Homolosine

Accurate size & shape; distorts distance

Fuller Projection

Accurate size & shape; difficult to read

Robinson Projection

Accurate size and shape; distorts near N. and S. Poles

Winked Projection

Accurate size and shape; distorts near N. and S. Poles

Gall-Peters Projection

Most accurate in size and shape; distorts near N. and S. Poles

Reference Maps

Info map- shows boundaries, name of cities, and geographic features

Thematic Maps

Displays spatial patterns of places using data of different topics

Choropleth Map

Uses different colors to show data

Dot Map

Uses dots to show data

Graduated Symbol Map

Uses shapes, items, or symbols to show data

Isoline Map

Uses lines to show data; ex: weather maps

Cartogram Map

Greatest value represented by largest are; distorts shape and size

Small Scale Map

Large area, less detailed

Large Scale

Less area, more details

Clustered

Close together

Dispersed

Spread out

Remote Sensing

Info collected by satellites

Used during: determining land cover and use, monitoring weather, and monitoring environmental changes

GIS (geographic information system)

Computer system that collects, analyzes, and display geographic data

GPS (global positioning system)

Network of satellites Used to determine absolute location

Used: navigation

Geospatial Technologies

Remote sensing, GIS, and GPS

Field Observations

Data that is observed “in the field”

Quantitative Data

Info that’s measured and recorded using numbera

Qualitative Data

Collected as interviews, document archives, descriptions, and visual observations

Absolute Location

Exact spot where something is located; longitude and latitude

Absolute Distance

Exact distance from 2 places; measured in miles and kilometers

Ex:”Chipotle is 2.5 miles from here”

Absolute Direction

Exact direction you're heading

Ex: East

Relative Location

Description of location using landmarks

Relative Distance

Approximate measurement between two places; measured through time or direction

Ex: “Chipotle is about 6 minutes away from here”

Relative Direction

Direction depends on surrounding area

Ex: “North of you right now”

Place

Specific point on Earth with on or more unique characteristics

Physical characteristics + Human Characteristics

Physical characteristics

climate, rivers, mountains, vegetation

Human characteristics

Language, religion, amount of people living in a place, culture present

Sense of Place

Site (physical characteristics) + Situation (human characteristics)

Toponym

Name given to a place on Earth (can be named after person, religion, resources, or physical features of the environment)

Placelessness

A location lacks identity; could be uniform to society.

Ex: Cities in America

Concentration

Clustered or dispersed

Density

Amount of objects or people in an area

Ex: urban areas are more densely populatedsince more people live there

Distance Decay

How a relationship between 2 or more things breaks down as distance increases

Time-Space Compression (

Reductionof time it takes for something to reach another place

Counters Diatance Decay

Thanks to social media, internet, emails, etc

Sustainability

Development that serves current need of people without compromising the needs of future generations

Environmental Determinism

The environment sets the possibilities for human and society

Ex: a society near a lake only fish

Environmental Possibilism

Acknowledges limits on the effects of the natural environment and focuses more on the role that human culture plays.

Ex: Building land on water

Land Use

Land is used for Recreational, Agricultural, transportation, residential, industrial, and commercial

Natural resources

Resources produced in nature

Renewable Resources

Natural resources that can be used multiple times without running out

Ex: Crops

Non-renewable Resources

Natural resources that can only be used once

Ex: Oil and natural gas

Scale

The ratio between the size of things in real life and size on the map

Geographic Scale

Refers to the area being studied

Types of Scale

(From large scale ➡ small scale)

Local/City➡County➡State➡National/Subanational➡Regional➡Global

Scale of Analysis

Observation of data at the global, national, regional, and/or local scale

Ex. of Image-

Geographic Scale: Global

Scale of Analysis: National

Region

A geographic area that’s defined be common characteristics and/or patterns of activity

Formal Regions (uniform regions)

Defined by economic, political, social, or environmental characteristics

Functional Regions (AKA Nodal Regions)

Characterized by a hub/central place/node through communication or transportation

Ex: Highway Systems, newspaper circulation area, subway systems

Perceptual Regions (AKA Vernacular Regions)

Linked be people's shared opinions, attitudes, feelings, or beliefs on the region.

Ex: “The South”

Spatial Distribution

How resources, activities, and human demographic features are arranged across Earth

Space

Physical gap between two places

Pattern

Arragment of objects in space

(Linear pattern, centralized pattern, random pattern)

Population Distribution

The pattern of human settlement

Population density

How clustered or dispersed a population is

Physical factors

Climate, landforms, water bodies

Human Factors

Culture, economics, history

Ecumene

Inhabited places on Earth

Arithmetic density

Total #of people to the total land area

Assumes everyone is evenly distributed

Total population/ total amount of land

Physiological Density

The # of people to the arable, or farmable land of a certain area

Total population/total amount of arable land

Agricultural Density

The # of farmers to the arable land of a certain area

Amount of farmers by are/ total amount of arable land

Cohorts

An age group (y-axis)

Dependency Ratio

Ratio of the number of dependents (0-14 and 65+) to the working-age population in a country or area

Box Pyramid

Developing or more Developing

Slow growth

Christmas Tree Pyramid

Less developed

Rapid growth

Cup Pyramid

Negative Growth

MDC

Less people have kids

Aging population

Carrying Capacity

Ability of an area to sustain its people with the resources and tech available (without environmental degradation)

Urbanization

Movement into cities

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Total # of live births in a year for every 1,000 people

Crude Death Rate

Total #of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

CBR - CDR = NIR

Doubling Time

Amount of time it takes for a population to double in size

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children a women will have

Replacement Rate

2.1

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Total # of deaths in a year among infants under 1 years old for every 1,000 live births in a society

Child Mortality Rate (CMR)

Total #of deaths in a year among children between 1-5 years old

Demographic Transition Model

DTM Stage 1

High CBR and CDR

Agriculture

No stage or healthcare

No longer any countries in stage 1

DTM Stage 2

Trigger: Industrial Revolution

Increased Urbanization

CDR decreases

More medicine

Better sanitation

More Immigration and emigration

Ex: Afghanistan

DTM Stage 3

Higher life expectancy

Better medicine

Women's empowerment: Better education

Women no longer have domestic role

CBR decreases

Ex: Mexico

DTM Stage 4

Zero population growth (ZPG)

More economic growth

Higher education for women

Less families

Cost of living increases

Ex: USA & China

DTM Stage 5

Older population

Very developed

CBR decreases

Negative Growth

Ex: Germany and Japan

Immigration

Moving in

Emigration

Moving out

Demographic Momentum

Tendency for growing populations to continue to grow after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution

Doubling Time

Projected amount of time it will take for a given population to double

Epidemiological Transition

Focuses on the causes of death for each stage of the DTM

Epidemiological Transition Stage 1

(Pestilence, Famine, and Death)

Epidemics

Famine

Parasitic Diseases

Dirty water

Infectious Diseases

Animal att

Epidemiological Transition Stage 2

(Intro to Medicine and Sanitation)

Fewer deaths and reduction in pandemics

Increased standard of living

Epidemiological Transition Stage 3

(Degenerative Diseases)

Disease that continue to worsen over time

Heart attacks

Cancer

Epidemiological Transition Stage 4

(Fighting Degenerative Diseases)

Medical advances delay degenerative diseases

Longer life expectancy

Improved diets and lifestyle

Epidemiological Transition Stage 5

(Reemergences of Infectious Diseases)

Causes:

Evolution of diseases

Increased poverty

Increased Urbanization

Malthusian Theory

Theory that population grows exponentially (increases one top of one another), it's ability to producefood would only increase arithmetically (increase in uniform amount). Leading to Famine, war, disease outbreaks

Ester Buserup

Countered Malthus; said subsistence farmers respond to consumption-Thai is farmers know how much they have and how much the need.

Neo-Malthusians

Believed Malthus was right, but mostly focus on the damage done to the environment by having to many people. i.e Clean air