History semester Exam

What was the first Protestant faith?

Lutheranism

What were the different aspects of Calvin’s reformation?

Predestination

What did the Peace of Augsburg formally do?

 Acceptance the division of Christianity

What was the reaction to the publication of Martin Luther’s 95 theses?

Attacked the abuses of the sale of indulgences, which marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

Who was the best known Christian Humanist ? Why?

Eramus. He laid eggs Luther hatched

Why did parents in Renaissance Italy arranged marriages?

Strengthen family ties or business ties

What was the name of the journey that slaves took from Africa to the Americas?

The Middle Passage

What is the name of economic principles that dominated the 17^th century?

Mercantilism

What was the original purpose of African slaves?

Work the sugarcane plantations

What were the Moluccas known to Europeans as?

Spice Islands

Where did the English establish their first permanent settlement in the 17^th Century?

Jamestown, Virginia

Who explored the New England coastline for England?

Cabot

What did Columbus go to his grave thinking he had discovered? What did he discover instead?

1. Asia; the Americas 

Who was the Aztec ruler of Mexico that fought against Spanish conquistadors?

1. Moctezuma 

What is absolutism?

system whereby a ruler holds total power 

What monarchy/dynasty ruled the southern French Kingdom of Navarre?

1. Bourbon 

Who laid the foundation for a Constitutional Monarchy in England?

1. William III and Mary II

Why was Phillip II famous? What was his nickname?

 Most catholic king

Who were Puritans?

1. Feld england seeking religious persecution; settled in New world 

What did Peter the Great want to do to Russia ?

1. Modernize or westernize Russia

According to the new civil constitution for the Clergy, bishops and priests were to be elected by ?

 by the people and paid by state

Christinite de Pizan was known for ?

works written in the defense of women

Louis XIV maintained complete authority as monarch by?

1. Ruling as an absolute monarch; catering to the nobility 

The pitiful conditions created by the industrial revolution gave rise to what political practice ?  

Socialism

Francis Bacon, who developed the scientific method, was a ?

Philosopher

Huguenots made up what percent of the French population?

1.  The made up about 2% of the population 

What did the commissariat established by Frederick Wilhelm in Prussia become?

both a military and civil agency

What two things did the Edict of Nantes recognize?

religous freedom and civil right in france

What did Peter the Great want to do to Russia?

transform Russia into a maritime, or sea faring empire

Who wanted to increase the wealth and power of France by the ideas of mercantilism? What is mercantilism?

1. Jean-Baptiste Colbert; a form of economic nationalism that sought to increase the prosperity and power  of a nation through restrictive trade practices. Its goal was to increase the supply of the state's gold and silver with exports rather than to deplete it through imports, it also sought to support domestic employment.

Who Rousseau argued that society should be governed by ?

Social contract

What are the three branches of the US government ?

Judicial, executive, and legislative

William Shakespeare’s work is the best example of what type of literature ?

Elizabethan

 The committee of public safety was given broad powers to defend where from all threats?

France

Which French estates were not exempt from the taille ?

1. 3r estate (commoners)

The more humane method of execution during the Reign of Terror was ?

1. Beheading via the guillotine 

Shakespeare is best described as ?

1. master of the English Language, shareholder of a theater company, and an actor.

Courts set up during the Reign of Terror were to prosecute?

1. enemies of the republic

The Industrial Revolution created new jobs in the following industries?

1. railroad, mining, and factories.

The steam engine was improved by ?

James Watt

In 1848, revolutions happened in what three European nations ?

France, Germany, and Italy.

Metternich claimed what after Napoleon was defeated ?

1. that all lawful monarchs should be restored.

What European entity did not challenge Bismask’s Authority?

1. Prussian army

How was Britain able to avoid a revolution ?

1. gave the industrial middle class the right to vote

Garibaldi and thousands of volunteers brought unification to what country in EUrope ?

Italy

What is Louis Pasteur known for?

the germ theory of disease

What is Charles Dawrwin known for ?

1. theory of natural selection 

Who founded the society of Jesus, or Jesuits?

1. Ignatius of Loyola

Who was the group in ENgland that was inspired by the purer ideas of Calvinism ?

Puritans

Council of Trent

Reformed the Catholic church after the protestant reformation

Dowry

1. Payment for marrying into a family during the Renaissance.

Balance of trade

1. Export more than you import

Machiavell

 wrote the politically influential book The price

John Calvin

Create calvinism ; believed in Predestination

Anabaptists

1.  the Reformation, a member of a Protestant group that believed in baptizing only those persons that were old enough to decide to be Christian and believed in the separation of church and state.

Edict of Worms

made Martin Luther an outlaw in the Holy Roman Empire

Predestination

1. belief that god had determined in advanced who would be saved and who would be damned 

Divine Rights of Kings

1. idea that the kinds received their power from God

Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided the New world between spain and portugal

Bureaucracy-

1. Government run by that is made decisions not the elected representatives.

Peace of Westphalia

 Treaty at the end of the 30 years war

Versailles

1. Palace of Louis XIV; built outside capital of paris

Dante

wrote Denne Comedy

Cavaliers

supporters of Charles I during English civil War

Triangular Trade

economic links between Europe, Asia/Africa, and the new world

Colony

a land controlled by another nation

Mercantilism

1. economic principles that dominated the colonial period 

Charles I-

1. Rules of england after English war 

Glorious Revolution

1.  Restored the English monarchy; moved to constitutional monarchy led by william and mary ; bloodless.

Armada

a fleet of warships

John Locke

1. People re born with a tabula rasa, believed all humans had natural night of life, liberty, and property/pursuit of happiness; influence AMerican constitution; if ruling government did adhere to the citizen’s natural rights, citizens had the right to revolt 

Encomienda

 economic system of colonial American; large plantations that were used for economic gains and used as a slaver of economic profits.

Miguel Cervantes

AUthor of Don Quixote

Ferdinand Magellan

1. led a expedition to circumnavigate the globe

Cardinal Richelieu

chief advisor to King Louis XII

Robespierre

 head of the Committee for Public safety

Plantatio

large agricultural estates

Marie Antoinette

wife of King Louis XVI

Puddling-

process of purifying iron

Treaty of Paris 1763-

ended the Seven years War

Handel

composer that wrote The Messiah

Boyars

member of the Russian nobility

Bastille

1. storming of his armory and prison that marked the beginning of the French Revolution.

Congress of Vienna

memeeting of the great powers to restore Europe

Bourgeoisie

middle class