Chapter 8 Creating a Federal Union

In the spring of 1787 a number of the most distinguished leaders in america traveled to ——- to attend a meeting which would later be known as the —— —- these leaders came from all the states except —— ——

Philadelphia, constitutional convention, Rhode island

The constitutional convention was originally called the —— —— its purpose was to —- the articles of confederation but they soon discovered the a of c had to be —— —— and they had to rewrite a whole —— ——

Philadelphia constitution, revise, thrown out, new constitution

The constitutional convention was held in phili because of a meeting called the —— —— that was held there a year before.

Annapolis convention

The Annapolis meeting was called to discuss —— —— ——- for all the states, problem with this convention was that only delegates from —— states attended, why it was —— and a new convention of union/central gov. had to be held a —- later

uniform trade regulation, five, unsuccessful, year

Only delegates from —— and —— showed up on the date the convention was set to start however by a week later delegates from —— states were present this was a —— so they could get started

Virginia, pa, seven, majority

The constitution convention took place in —— —— in phili, there were 55 delegates who attended the convention and they came from all over was a cross section of —— —— and they were all aware of the —— their country faced

independence hall, American leadership, problems

*—— —— was the oldest delegate of the convention he was from —- and was well respected he was successful in —— the rising tempers between other delegates

Benjamin franklin, pa, calming

*—— ——- was chosen as the —- —— was 55

*—— —— was from —- and was also 55

*—— ——- was from —— and was 45

*—— —— was from —— and was 36

*——- ——- was from NY and was —-

george Washington, john dickinson, pa, james wilson, pa, james madison, virginia, alexander hamilton, 32

several important leaders who lead the struggle for —— —— —— the convention

independence, didn’t attend

*—— —— refused to attend the convention said he —— —- —- and he feared a central government would take too much —- —— —- —-

Patrick henry, smelled a rat, power from the states

*—— —— was from massachussets and didn’t attend the convention since he was not chosen as a ——

samuel adams, delegate

*—— ——, —— ——, and —— —- didn’t attend the convention because they were in Europe at the time

thomas jefferson, john adams, thomas paine

The convention was held in —- there were —- at every door and members couldn’t discuss matters ——.

secret, guards, outside

The three main reasons for keeping the convention a secret was they feared if news got out it would plunge the country into ——, they new it would be easier to iron out —— in —— versus a public debate, and they felt they must first —— among themselves before proposing ideas to the ——-

argument, differences, private, agree, public

official notes were kept but not released until later notes by —— —— came out after his death and were actually more —— than the official ones

James Maddison, accurate

delegates knew that the new government would only be respected if they had the power to do three things —-, —— —- and —— —- —-

tax, coin money, raise an army

None of the delegates favored a government with —- —— they wanted to build a —- —— —- —- and they wanted a government where no —- —- —- could dominate the rest

unlimited power, republican form of government, group of people

*—— —— —- —— form of gov. in which the supreme power rests with the voters who elect representative officials to run the gov. for them

republican form of government

The —— ——- concerned a debate over representation in congress between the small and large states. The —- —— proposed that the number of delegates each state could send should be based on population. the —— —— —— proposed that representation should be equal and all states would have the same number of delegates

great compromise, Virginia plan, new jersey plan

*—- —— was the governor of —— and proposed the virginia plan

Edmund Randolph, Virginia

*—— ——- was the governor of —- —- and proposed the new jersey plan

William Paterson, new jersey

*—— —— proposed the great compromise or —— ——- which called for a —— legislature with an upper house called the —- and a lower house called the —— —- ——.

roger Sherman, Connecticut compromise, bicameral, senate, house of representatives

*—— —— two house legislature

bicameral legislature

The —— —— —— was between the delegates from the north and south over economic interests and primarily the counting of slaves

three-fifths compromise

The northerners wanted slaves to be counted for population for —— but not for population for —— whereas the southerners wanted salves to be counted for population for ——- but not population for —— so they counted —- of the slaves for both

taxation, representation, representation, taxation, 3/5ths

The —— —— was a clash between interests of the north and south concerning —— and —— —— the northern merchants wanted the central government to regulate —— with —- —- but the southerners were afraid the central gov. would impose —— on exports so they gave congress the power to regulate commerce but only the power to levy tariffs on ——-

commerce compromise, commerce, slave regulations, slave regulation, commerce, foreign nations, tariffs, imports

The —- —- —- came out of the fact that now that congress could tax imports did that include —-? the compromise was that slaves could be imported till —— and after that point then congress could make decisions regarding —— —- ——. This compromise was needed to get the south states to —- the constitution but was a setback for ——- ——-. Thought slavery would be over by —— but wasn’t till almost half a century later

slave trade compromise, slaves, 1808, further slave importation, ratify, anti-slavery movements, 1808

Through the process of the convention angary delegates threatened to —— but it was eventually finished due to many —— and the constitution was —— by 39 of the 55 delegates. After it was singed the delegates met for a ——- —— and departed from Philadelphia those who singed were returned to their states to ——- the constitution for —— those who didn’t sign were prepared to —— ——- it

leave, compromises, singed, farewell dinner, promote, ratification, fight against

*—- supported the ratification of the constitution wanted a strong central gov.

federalists

*———— were those who apposed the ratification of the constitution, felt it gave too much power to the federal gov. from the states

anti-federalists

Many delegates who apposed the constitution thought the new constitution did not give the — enough control over the —— who would run the —- ——

voters, officials, new government

The constitution gave the —- the right to decide who could ——. Most states had —— —— and some still had —— ——. The president and vice president were chosen by —— who were selected by their —— ——

states, vote, property regulations, religious regulations, electors, state legislatures

*—- were chosen by —- —— the people could only vote for officials in the —— —- ———.

senators, state legislatures, house of representatives

anti-federalists were worried about there not being a —- —- —- in the constitution thought their —- —- —— would be taken away.

bill of rights, hard fought rights

*—— was the first state to ratify the constitution followed by —- and —- by the end of the year then —- and —— ratified and then ———. Next came —— —— —- and —- —— (now nine states have ratified) they still needed the influential states of —- and —- ——.

Delaware, pa, nj, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, south Carolina, new Hampshire, Virginia, ny

victory in virngina was due to the influence of —— —-

george washington

the victory in NY was due to the influence of —- ——, —- — and —- —- the defended the constitution in a series of writings called the —- ——-

alexander Hamilton, james Maddison, john jay, federalist papers

The federalist papers were printed in —- and —- read, later published in a famous volume called the ——.

newspapers, widely, federalists

george washington was —- —— was the —-- —— and — —- was chosen as the first —— ——

unanimously chosen, first president, john Adams, vice president

elections for the —- —- of the us was not that exciting since most were a part of the —- or already supported the ——

new congress, convention, consitution

The new senators and representatives slowly gathered in —— —- which was the first temporary —- of the US after ratification

NY city, captial

*——- is the form of government that was created under the us constitution

federalism

*——— is the division of power between the federal gov. and the state gov.

federalism

*—— —— a political system in which each state delegates some o its powers to the national government

federal union

The —- —— solved most of the weaknesses from the articles of confederation

federal union

After the federal union was formed the delegates wondered how they would —— ———. to ensure obedience the federal gov. has the power to reach into the —— and punish violators of federal laws

enforce laws, states

under federalism americans have two ——- of the us and of the state in which we reside

citizenships

*—— —— are listed in the —— and are powers only given to the federal government

delegated powers, constitution

the delegated powers are

to lay and collect —- ——

to —- —-

to —- —-

to —— —- with foreign nations and among states

to raise and support an —-

to provide and maintain a ——

federal taxes, borrow money, coin money, regulate commerce, army, navy

The —- —- are powers only given to the states

reserved powers

in our government the states retain freedom to act on matters that are either not delegated to the —- —— nor —— to the states

federal government, prohibited

to guarantee the states ——- on action the delegates listed several powers that could not be exercised by the —- —- lie the power to levy a tax or duty on ——from any state

independence, federal government, exports

the two amendments that make it clear that the states have all powers not given to the federal gov. or prohibited by the states are the —- and —- amendments specifically the —— leaves no room for doubt by directly stating this

9th, 10th, 10th

some examples of reserved powers are granting —— ——, —- degrees, forming —- —- systems, ——- systems and more

marriage licenses, divorce, public education, transportation

the framers of the constitution knew that some conflicts btw the federal and state laws might occur so they created the —- ——- which stated in this situation that the —- —- takes precedence

supremacy clause, federal law

The —- —- —- is the division of power of the federal gov. into three separate ——, they are all —— of each other and put into the ——- to prevent any one part of the government from getting too ——

separation of powers, branches, independent, constitution, powerful

*—— has the legislative power to make laws, the —— has executive power to enforce laws, and the —- —- have the judicial power to interpret the laws

congress, president, federal courts

The framers of the constitution also established a system of —— —- —— which is the ability or system in which each branch of the federal gov. was given certain powers that could restrain or —— the powers of the other two —— if they tried to exceed or abuse its ——

checks and balances, balance, branches, powers

the first check on the president is ——-

impeachment

*—— means to accuse the president of acting unlawfully or misusing his power

impeached

in order for a president to be impeached he has to be accused of committing ——-, ——- or other high crimes or misdemeanors

treason, bribery

The impeachment starts in the —- —- —— if they believe the president has committed any of the listed things then they draft the —- —- ——- against the president, they then have to —- and if the house passes the articles the president is ——-

house of representatives, articles of impeachment, vote, impeached

The next step to impeachment is a —- in the ——- the senators act as the —— and it is presided over by the —- —— of the supreme court. If —- of the senators vote that the president is guilty then he will be removed from office

trial, senate, jurors, chief justice, 2/3rds

These three presidents have been impeached in order

*—- —-

*—— —- and 

*—— —- impeached ——

*—— were found guilty, —— —— was saved by one vote, and the president everyone thinks was impeached but isnt is ——-

andrew johnson, bill clinton, donald trump, twice, zero, andrew johnson, nixon

The second check on the president is that he is able to make a ——- but the senate must then vote on it and it needs ——- majority to ratify it

treaty, 2/3rds

A third check on the president is that he can appoint —- —— but the ——- must confirm them with a —— ——

federal officers, senate, majority vote

The fourth check on the president is that —— can interfere with the presidents ——- they have the —- —- —- ——

congress, spending, power of the purse

The fifth check is overriding a —— if the president vetos a bill then it goes back to —- and if both houses pass the bill then the —- is ——-

veto, congress, veto, overridden 

*——- rejection of laws passed by congress

veto

the first check on congress is that the president has the power to —— a bill

veto

The second check on the congress is the presidents —- —- —- —- —- which informs congress but can also be used to ——- the thinking of congress

state of the union message, influence

The third check on congress is that the president can bring —- on congress by calling a —- —- and asking for the passing of —- —— he can direct the public —— through —- —- which leads to a influx of —- —- to congress

pressure, special section, specific laws, attention, press conferences, phone calls

The federal court has the ability to declare that a law passed by congress and approved by the president is ———

unconstitutional

Congress can —- —- —— the same way they can impeach the president

impeach federal judges

congress determines the —— of justices on the —- —-

number, supreme court

the —— appoints the supreme court —— who often share his views on things

president, justices

The president can —— those convicted of —- —-

pardon, federal crimes

*—— to completely forgive a federal crime and remove all associated penalties

pardon

*——- to persons convicted of federal crimes the temporary delay or reduction in punishment

reprieve

come critics of the check and balances system sya that it —- —- the working of the government, and if an —- —- is needed but the president and congress are from —- —- then it wont be passed, although this is true the system has worked relatively —— and in times of war or other —- the congress declares a —- —— and grants all the powers that the —— may need to act quickly, and after those powers are ——this system was written into the constitution to protect the ——- of the people

slows down, important law, different parties, well, crisis, national emergency, president, withdrawn, liberties

another fundamental principle of the constitution is the ——of —— or freedoms of the individuals, the colonists insisted upon the protection of these after the —— some are written into the constitution but others are in the —- —- —-

protection, liberties, war, bill of rights

*—- —- —- the first 10 amendments to the constitution

bill of rights

The constitution prohibits —- —- —- —-, the —- — —- and instead it provides that only the courts can establish —- for unlawful acts only by following established laws

ex post facto laws, bills of attainder, punishments

the right to a —- — is important to be listed in the constitution because it prevents the arbitrary decisions by —— all 12 jurors must vote you guilty

jury trial, judges

the constitution grants what is called a —- —- —- —-

writ of habeas corpus

the consitution grants civil liberty protections for people accused of ——. the framers knew treason was a way for rulers to get rid of —— they —- —- —-, to protect individuals from this the consititution states that treason against the us must only consist of —— —— against them or —— —— or comfort to their ——-. they also must have the testimony of —— ——- of the same action to be convicted and it also states that the ——- family members can’t also be charged

treason, people, did not like, levying war, giving aid, enemies, two witnesses, innocent

*—- —- —- —— laws that are passed after the deed and sets a penalty for an act that was not illegal when it was committed

ex post facto laws

*—- —- —- laws that punish a person by fine imprisonment for seizure of property without a court trial

bill of attainder

*—- —- — —— a legal document that forces a jailer to release a person from prison unless the person has been formally charged or convicted of that crime

writ of habeas corpus

the bill of rights was used to complete —— of the constitution 100s of amendments were presented but only —- were agreed on.

ratification, 10

*—— said if you ratify the —— then after we will include a —- — —-

federalists, constitution, bill of rights

The primary source of inspiration for the bill of rights was the —— —- ——

declaration of independence

the bill of rights protects individuals against any action by the —- —— that may deprive them of —-, —- or —— without due process of law

federal government, life, liberty, property

the freedom of —-, ——, ——, —— and —— are all in the first amendment

religion, speech, press, assembly, petition

The bill of rights prevents unreasonable —— and —— of any persons home in the —— amendment

searches, seizures, fourth

the bill of rights protects individuals from arbitrary —— and —— by the federal government (5th, 6th, and 8th amendments) 

arrest, punishment

you do not have the right to do say anything to —- another persons ——

defame, character

our rights under the constitution and the bill of rights are not —— they exist in relation to the rights of ——. rights must be ——- interpreted by the ——.

absolute, others, continually, courts

the constitution is a —— —— the framers knew that America would change over time so they had to write the constitution to be ——-, and they had to lay down —— of procedure to be followed even in ——- ——-

living document, adaptable, rules, critical times

the framers were as wise in what they did write as in what they —- —— —— they only wrote down the fundamental laws for the nation and left it up to —— to pass additional laws as needed

did not write, congress