bio1111 - lab exam review #1

polymers

all of these are a type of what?
1. proteins
2. lipids
3. carbohydrates
4. nucleic acids

monomers

all of these are a type of what?
1. amino acids
2. N/A
3. monosaccharides
4. nucleotides

black

in the molecular model kit, what colour is CARBON?

white

in the molecular model kit, what colour is HYDROGEN?

purple

in the molecular model kit, what colour is PHOSPHORUS?

red

in the molecular model kit, what colour is OXYGEN?

blue

in the molecular model kit, what colour is NITROGEN?

alcohol or hydroxyl group

what is this functional group?

amino group

what is this functional group?

acid or carboxyl group

what is this functional group?

methyl

what is this functional group?

false

TRUE OR FALSE: most of the world’s population can digest milk-based food?

they lack the lactase enzyme

why are people lactose intolerant?

lactose intolerance

> a relatively recent mutation in the human genome
> survival advantage for human cultures with milk and dairy products available year-round

dehydration synthesis

monomers are linked together to form polymers through ____________, (removes water)

hydrolisis

polymers are broken apart by __________, the addition of water

peptide bond

glucose

what is this molecule?

maltose

what is this molecule?

peptide bonds

what does this represent?

enzymes

reactions of hydrolysis/dehydration are mediated by _______, specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions, serve as catalysts, regulate virtually all chemical reactions within cells

oxygen

what is this molecule?

carbon dioxide

what is this molecule?

hydrogen

what is this molecule?

methane

what is this molecule?

alanine

name this organic molecule

glucose

name this molecule

dissarcharide

two monosaccharides can bond to form a ____________ by a dehydration reaction

glucose, glucose

maltose = ________ + _________

glucose, fructose

sucrose = ______ + _________

methyl

what is this functional group?

hydroxyl

what is this functional group?

carboxyl

what is this functional group?

amino

what is this functional group?

polysaccharides

_________ function as:
> storage molecules
> structural compounds

starch

used by plants for energy storage

glycogen

energy storage in the animal liver

cellulose

forms plant cell walls

chitin

exoskeleton component in insects & crustaceans (also found in the cell walls of fungi)

carbohydrates

polymer names for _________:
> polysaccharides, complex ____________

lipids

polymer names for _________:
> triglycerides, steroids

protein

polymer names for _______:
> polypeptide, _________

nucleic acids

polymer names for _________:
> polynucleotides

carbohydrate

_________ purpose:
> short-term energy, energy storage, structure

lipids

_________ purpose:
long-term energy storage, plasma membrane, pigments, cell membranes (plants)

protein

_________ purpose:
> biological catalyst, muscle contraction, structure

nucleic acids

_________ purpose:
> genetic information

carbohydrates

examples of _______:
> sucrose, glucose, fructose, lactose, starch, cellulose, glycogen

lipids

examples of _______:
> phospholipids, cholesterol, fats, oils, waxes, chlorophyll (plants)

proteins

examples of _______:
> Insulin, hemoglobin, actin & myosin, enzymes, collagen, structure, cell messaging, etc

nucleic acids

examples of _______:
> DNA, RNA

Benedict’s solution

what solution do you use to test for simple sugars?

blue

In the Benedict’s Solution, what colour is the test tube if there are no simple sugars?

green

In the Benedict’s Solution, what colour is the test tube if there are traces of simple sugars?

yellow

In the Benedict’s Solution, what colour is the test tube if there are low amounts simple sugars?

orange

In the Benedict’s Solution, what colour is the test tube if there is a moderate amount of simple sugars?

red

In the Benedict’s Solution, what colour is the test tube if there is a high amount of simple sugars?

iodine

what solution do you use to test for starch?

yellow

in iodine solution, what colour does the test tube change to when there is no starch?

black/purple

in iodine solution, what colour does the test tube change to when there is starch?

sudan iv

to test for lipids, what solution do you use?

yellow with a red line

what does the test tube colour change to when there are lipids? (sudan iv)

yellow

what does the test tube colour change to when there are no lipids? (sudan iv)

fat

____ is a large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules linked by a dehydration rection

triglycerides

one glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids, therefore often referred to as _________________

Biuret reagent

to test for proteins, what solution do you use?

blue

what colour does the test tube change to when there are no proteins? (Biuret reagent)

purple

what colour does the test tube change to when there are proteins present? (Biuret reagent)

pink

what colour does the test tube change to when there are peptides present? (Biuret reagent)

unsaturated fats

contain one or more double bonds which can cause kinks; preventing them from packing together tightly

saturated fatty acids

contain only one single bonds; most animal fats are this

unsaturated fats, saturated fats

hydrogenated vegetable oils are _________________ that have been converted to ________ by adding hydrogen

trans fats

partial hydrogenation creates _________, which are associated with health risks

LDL

= BAD

HDL

= GOOD

cis-fat molecule

what fat is this?

trans-fat molecule

what fat is this?

phospholipids

the major component of all cell membranes

hydrophilic head

what part of the phospholipid is attracted to water?
it also contacts with:
the water of the environment, the internal part of the cell

hydrophobic tail

what part of the phospholipid is afraid of water?
it also clusters together in the center of the bilayer

proteins

> involved in nearly every dynamic function of the body
> 20 amino acid monomers

central dogma

DNA → RNA → Protein

amino acids

____________ all have:
> amino group
> carboxyl group
> symbolized by R, which determines the specific properties of each of the 20 __________ to make proteins

true

true or false:
when a protein’s shape is altered, it can no longer function

denaturation

when a protein unfolds

peptide bond

joining the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next amino acid makes a ____________

polypeptide

chain of amino acids is called _____________

primary protein structure

sequence of a chain of amino acids

secondary protein structure

hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern

tertiary protein structure

three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

quarternary protein structure

protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

deoxyribonucleic acid

scientific name for DNA

DNA

> genes consist of _______
> inherited
> provides directions for its own replication
> programs a cell’s activities by directing protein synthesis

ribonucleic acid

scientific name for RNA

nucleotides

____________ has three parts:
1) a five-carbon sugar called ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA
2) a phosphate group
3) a nitrogenous base

negative

DNA and RNA have a ___________ charge

DNA

sugar: deoxyribose
structure: double helix
nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C)
A - T ; G - C

RNA

sugar: ribose
structure: single helix
nucleotides: uracil (U), adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C)
A - U ; G - C

true

true or false: hydrogen bonds hold together the strands of DNA

glycerol

what model is this?