Coasts Case Studies *NEW*

Where is wave energy highest on the Norfolk Coast? (Compass point, named example and energy)

Northern most coastline. Blakeney (9kw/m)

Where is wave energy lowest on the Norfolk Coast? (Compass point, named example and energy)

West. Bar flat (0.9kw/m)

How long is the fetch for north-easterly waves on the Norfolk Coast through the North Sea?

Over 4000km

How high can winter storm surges in North Norfolk be?

3m

What is Norfolk’s average wind speed in the winter?

30kph

Where is the highest tidal range on the Norfolk coast due to the swell being funnelled into a narrow space?

Bar flat (6.5m)

What is the geology of the western region of North Norfolk? (eg: Hunstanton Formation)

Carstone, Red Chalk, White Chalk

What is the geology of the coastline of the central region of the Norfolk coast?

Soft unconsolidated Holocene sands, gravel and alluvium

What is the geology of the coastline of eastern Norfolk?

Crag group (mix of sedimentary rocks)

Up to how high are Hunstanton’s Cliffs?

18m

Cliffs, sandy beaches, shore platforms occur at what region of Norfolk?

North west

What is the rate of cliff erosion on the North-west Norfolk?

10cm/year

What is the large tidal range on the North-west Norfolk coast?

Over 6m

What can the wave energy at North-west Norfolk get up to in storms?

25kw/m

Barrier island, Blakeney Point Spit, estuaries, mudflats, sand dunes, sandy beaches and shingle beaches occur at what region of Norfolk?

Central North

What is the tidal range of Central North Norfolk?

6.3m

What is the sediment source of Blakeney point?

North-east cliffs Sheringham-Weybourne

What river’s Estuary does Blakeney Point meet?

River Glaven

Where are the higher energy waves of the eastern edge of Central North Norfolk causing shingle beaches?

Salthouse

Cliffs, beaches and lowlands (Norfolk Broads) occur in which region of Norfolk?

North east

What is the tidal range on the North east Norfolk coast?

4.2m

What is the wave energy at the North east region of Norfolk?

6kw/m

Erosion rates can be up to what at the North east coast of Norfolk?

70cm/year

How high are the North East cliffs on the Norfolk coastline?

6m

How much land does the Nile Delta cover?

22,000km2

How long is the Nile Delta?

160km

What is the average wave energy at the Nile Delta?

0-2kw/m

The Mediterranean Sea is a micro-tidal environment, what is its tidal range?

0.5m

The west to east LSD along the Egyptian coast is caused by what direction of prevailing wind?

North westerly

What are the two circulating currents at the Nile Delta called?

Marsa-Matruh Gyre & Shikmona Gyre

What is the temperate range at the Nile Delta? (reducing mechanical weathering eg: freeze-thaw)

9-34 degrees

What are the two active distributaries at the Nile Delta?

Damietta Branch & Rosetta Branch

How many tonnes of sediment per year used to be deposited on the Nile Delta?

120 million

What percentage of sediment has damming prevented reaching the Nile Delta?

98%

Up to how high are the sand dunes at the Nile Delta?

30m

What is the wind speed at the Nile Delta?

3-7m/sec

What do rip currents and limited LSD west of the Abu Qir headland at the Nile Delta create?

Long crescentic bar systems

The dominant eastward current between Abu Qir and Point Said creates what at the Nile Delta?

Parallel longshore bars

What region of Norfolk is Overstrand in and how far from Cromer?

North east, 3km

What is the population of Overstrand just over?

1000

How much would it cost to replace Overstrand Water Treatment Station?

£1.6 million

How much does tourism earn Overstrand per year?

£4 million

How many in Overstrand work in seasonal and full time tourist jobs?

6000

What road in Overstrand is liable to flooding?

B1159

How much did the Environment Agency value Overstrand and the cost of defences?

£7.7 million, £8.8 million

How much did the local residents value Overstrand and the cost of defences?

£90 million, £4.5 million

How much is the beach between Cromer & Overstrand growing per year due to management?

+28,000m3

How much is the beach east of Overstrand decreasing per year due to sediment starvation?

-63,000m3

What is the geology of the cliffs at Overstand? (top to bottom)

Sandstone, clay, chalk

What is the current EA management strategy at Overstand and what will it shift to?

Hold the line, managed retreat

What is the population of Bacton?

1200

What is the population of Happisburgh?

870

Where is Happisburgh in relation to Bacton?

5km south east

How much of the UK’s gas supply is handled by Bacton Gas Terminal?

1/3

What is the value of gas held by Bacton Gas Terminal per day?

£1.7 million

How many does Bacton Gas Terminal employ?

400

How high above sea level is Bacton?

10m

What is the annual sediment deficit of the beach south of Bacton?

20,000m3

How much did Happisburgh erode 2004-2007?

20m

How many cubic metres of sand have been added to beaches between Bacton and Walcott in sandscaping?

1.8 million

What is the management strategy in place at Bacton?

Hold the line

When was Bacton Gas Terminal built?

1968

Where is Great Yarmouth located in Norfolk and at the mouth of what river?

East Norfolk, River Yare

When was Great Yarmouth Harbour constructed?

2009

How much did Great Yarmouth Outer harbour cost?

£75 million

How much do the two breakwaters at Great Yarmouth Outer Harbour total in length?

1.4km

How deep is the water at Great Yarmouth Outer Harbour?

10m

What roads link Great Yarmouth to the rest of the country?

A47, A143

How much sediment per year has Hopton beach lost since 2010 due to Great Yarmouth Outer Harbour blocking LSD?

20,000-40,000 m3

How many rock groynes did Bourne Leisure build to protect Hopton Holiday Village?

9

How much did Bourne Leisure claim in damages for having to import costly granite for coastal defences due to the Great Yarmouth Outer Harbour?

£15 million

How far does the Great Yarmouth Outer Harbour protrude into the North Sea?

600m

How much did sand level at Hopton-On-Sea drop in 5 years due to Great Yarmouth Outer Harbour?

3m

How much did Potter’s Caravan Resort spend on new groynes south at Hopton-On-Sea in 2016?

£3 million

What is the name of the New Zealand coastline where sand dredging takes place?

Mangawhai-Pakiri

What is the population of Aukland?

1.5 million

How much of New Zealand’s population and GDP does Aukland region make up?

1/3, 35%

2015 saw a record of how many foreign visitors to Aukland?

2.3 million

How far is the Mangawhai-Pakiri coastline from Aukland?

50km north

What year did sand mining at Mangawhai end?

2005

What is the current extraction rate per year at Pakiri beach?

75,000m3

How many times larger is sand extraction at Pakiri beach than sand input?

5x

How large was the breach at the base of Mangawhai spit after a 1978 storm?

28m

What is the estimate of coastal retreat at the Mangawhai-Pakiri coastline by the end of the century?

35m

What width of beach at Mangawhai-Pakiri coastline could be impacted by coastal retreat?

48-111m

What is the population of Sea Palling?

555

The 14km sand dune ridge between Eccles & Winterton, has a gap of what size at Sea Palling?

90m

How many deaths did the 1953 storm surge through the dune gap at Sea Palling cause in East England?

307

How far apart were the initial 4 artificial reefs at Sea Palling and how high above sea level were they?

250m, 2.8m

How far apart were the new 5 artificial reefs at Sea Palling and how high above sea level were they?

160m, 1.2m

How much were the first 4 set of artificial reefs at Sea Palling?

£5.9 million

How much were the 5 new artificial reefs at Sea Palling?

£10.5 million

What is the initial management strategy at Sea Palling?

Advance the Line

What is the medium term management strategy at Sea Palling?

Hold the Line

How high were the waves in the 1953 storm surge through the dune gap at Sea Palling?

6m