Sociology

Functionalism (Emile Durkham)

The parts of our society are necessary as part of society's function

Conflict Theory (Karl Marx)

Society is built upon conflict between the working class and the owner class

Symbolic Interactions

Association of ideas and symbols in our society

Plato

Earliest study of sociology

Auguste Comte

Helped form sociology

Max Weber

Helped with theories of organization

Sociology Research Methods

Case Study, Surveys, Random Sampling

Ethnography

When conducting an Experiment

Independent variable

The cause of the change

Dependent variable

The effect of the change

Operational Definition

A precise description of the experiment's procedure

Culture

Shared values and beliefs that strengthen the values, norms and rules of a group

Material Culture

Culture you can touch: items

Nonmaterial Culture

Culture you cannot touch: ideas, attitudes, and beliefs in society

Cultural Universals

Patterns or traits that are common to all societies

Culture Shock

Experiencing frustration, disdain or confusion when exposed to cultures for the first time.

Ethnocentrism

To judge others' culture based on your own cultural norms.

Xenocentrism

The belief that another culture is superior to one's own culture

Ideal Culture

The standards society would like to embrace and uphold

Real Culture

The true values, beliefs and norms that we apply in our daily lives. the actual culture

High Culture

A subculture that involves the experiences of the higher class of society (opera, tennis, ballet)

Low Culture

A subculture that involves the interests of the masses also refers to cultures of little value (local band)

Popular culture

A cultural experience that becomes popular with mainstream culture (tv, fashion, music)

Counterculture

A set of beliefs or attitudes that go against the prevailing social norm (protest movements)

Globalization

The promotion and increase of interactions between regions and populations

Society

A group of people who share culture

Pre-industrial Society

Hunter-gatherer, agricultural, feudal

Hunter-Gather Society

A society that depended on tribes that hunted for plants and animals.

Agriculture Society

A society that relied on permanent tools for survival, including tools for farming.

Feudal Society

A strict hierarchical society based on land ownership and power.

Modern Society

Industral, Technological

Industrial Society

Societies that are based on the production of goods and services.

Technological Society

Society heavily influenced by technology. Focus on the spread of info

Information society

A society where high levels of information are apart of everyday life

Functionalists

Collective consciousness

Symbolic Interactionists

Capitalism is a form of thinking (mindset). society naturally becomes more efficient

iron cage

Iron Cage theory

The loss of individuality for efficiency

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Our belief becomes reinforced by the behavior of others to become real

Roles

Patterns of behavior we recognize in others.

Role Conflict

When two roles interfere with the other

Role strain

When you can't carry out all obligations of a status, tensions within one status. causes individual to be pulled many directions by one status

Looking Glass Self

An image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you

Alienation

You become excluded from a group or community

Collective Conscious

Culmination of society's beliefs

False consciousness

The idea that your beliefs are not in the person's best interest.

Socialization

Those who influence our social development

• family

• peers

• institutions, religious

• work

• mass media

Self

A person's distinct identity derived from social interactions.

Sigmund Freud's Stages of Development

• Oral Stage

• Phalic Stage

• Genital Stage

Erik Erikson's Stages of Social Development

• Infancy 0-1

• Early Childhood 2-3

• Childhood (play) 4-6

• Childhood (school) 7-12

• Adolescene 3-19

• Young Adulthood 19-35

• Adulthood 33-55

• Maturity 55+

Deviance

The violation of established contextualized cultural and social norms.

Types of Deviance

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

Primary Deviance

The person may not be aware it is deviant behavior.

Secondary Deviance

When a person continues to engage in deviant behavior knowing it is deviant behavior.

Teritary Deviance

When a person attempts to normalize their deviant behavior instead of rejecting it.

Formal Deviance

The violation of society's laws. Ex: Assault, Vandalism

Informal Deviance

The violation of society's unwritten social norms. Ex: Swearing, Gossiping

Strain Theory

The inability to achieve your goals leads to deviance

Social Disorganization Theory

Deviance is the result of weak community relations

Different Association

Deviance is learned from role models

Labeling Theory

Constant labeling leads to deviant behavor

Felony

A year minium of imprisonment

Misdemeanor

Less than a year of fines

Jail

Holding cell before trial

Prison

Place imprisoned after trial

Net Neutrality

The idea that all data should be treated equality

Technological Globalization

Difussion - Why should everyone have internet or access?

Technology and Transportation

Workplace - Online Work, Communication

Social Media - How does it connect us?

Digital Divide

Technological Inequality

Social Stratification

Organizing people to different rankings in society

Dous-Moore Thesis

Social stratification is an unnecessary part of all social

Sex

The biological distinction between females and males

Gender

The socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

Transgender:

A person's gender identity differs from assigned sex

Gender roles we learned through the agents

Family, peers, institutions