Medterm Chapter 8

Hematology

Study of blood

What do hematologists treat?

Treat bleeding conditions, cancers of the blood-forming tissues, and anemia

Blood Components

55% of blood is watery plasma + 45% of blood is formed elements

Watery Plasma Features

Glucose, amino acids, and hormones are transported by plasma; electrolytes are also in plasma

Formed Elements Features

Three types of elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, & platelets); formed elements are created thru hematopoiesis

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Contain hemoglobin which is what gives them their red color

Hemoglobin

An oxygen-transporting protein; fatigue occurs with a lack of hemoglobin (Lack of means too little oxygen to tissues which in extreme cases can lead to coma or death)

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Important defense against disease; 5 types

What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Fragments of larger cells; facilitate the blood clotting process, known as hemostasis

Bas/o

Base

Coagul/o

Clotting

Eosin/o

Rosy red

Erythr/o

Red

Hem/o, Hemat/o

Blood

Leuk/o

White

Lymph/o

Lymph

Neutr/o

Neutral

Thromb/o

Clot

Cyt/o

Cell

Embol/o

Plug

Glyc/o

Sugar

Lip/o

Fat

Myel/o

Bone marrow

Path/o

Disease

Phleb/o

Vein

Septic/o

Infection

-cyte

Cell

-cytosis

Abnormal cell condition

-ectomy

Surgical removal

-emia

Blood condition

-globin

Protein

-ia

Condition

-ic

Pertaining to

-logist

One who studies

-logy

Study of

-lysis

To destroy

-lytic

Destruction

-meter

Instrument for measuring

-metry

Process of measuring

-oma

Mass

-osis

Abnormal Condition

-otomy

Cutting into

-penia

Too few

-phil

Attracted to

-plasm

Formation

-poiesis

Formation

-rrhage

Abnormal flow

-stasis

Stopping

-tic

Pertaining to

a-

Without

an-

Without

anti-

Against

auto-

Self

hyper-

Excessive

hypo-

Insufficient

mono-

1

pan-

All

poly-

Many

trans-

Across

Chrom/o

Color

Hypochromia, Hypochromic

Insufficient color

Hyperchromia, Hyperchromic

Excessive color

Normochromia, Normochromic

Normal color

Anemia

Group of blood disorders involving either a reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or the amount of hemoglobin in RBCs; results in decreased oxygen delivery to tissues

Aplastic Anemia

Severe form of anemia caused by loss of functioning red bone marrow; results in a decrease in the number of all blood cells; may require a bone marrow transplant

Iron-deficiency Anemia

Anemia resulting when there is not enough iron to build hemoglobin for the red blood cells, most common anemia

Pernicious Anemia (PA)

Anemia resulting when the digestive system absorbs an insufficient amount of vitamin B12; vitamin B12 is necessary for erythrocyte production

Sickle Cell Anemia

Inherited blood cell disorder; RBCs take on abnormal curved or "sickle" shape; cells are fragile and easily damaged, resulting in anemia; occurs almost exclusively in persons of African descent

Thalassemia

Inherited blood disorder; the body is unable to correctly make hemoglobin, resulting in anemia

Hemolytic Anemia

Excessive destruction of normal & abnormal RBC

Polycythemia Vera

Condition characterized by too many erythrocytes; blood becomes too thick to easily flow thru the BVs

Leukocytosis

WBCs more than 10,000 per cubic millimeter

Leukemia

Cancer of leukocyte-forming red bone marrow; the patient has a large number of abnormal and immature leukocytes circulating in the blood

Hemophilia

Inherited lack of a vital clotting factor; results in an almost complete inability to stop bleeding. Males inherit from their mothers; it is due to deficiency of coagulation factor VIII

Hemoglobinopathy

A group of disorder in which there is abnormal production or structure of the hemoglobin molecule

Dyscrasias

Abnormal state of condition or disease associated with blood or bone marrow

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A grave coagulopathy in which here is generalized intravascular clotting

Embolus

Common called a floating clot; usually a piece of a thrombus that breaks away and floats through the bloodstream until it lodges in a smaller blood vessel and blocks blood flow

Hematoma

Collection of blood under the skin as a result of blood escaping into tissue from a damaged blood vessel; commonly called a bruise

Septicemia

Presence of bacteria or their toxins in the bloodstream; commonly called blood posioning

Intermittent Claudication

A condition characterized by leg pain or cramping that occurs during walking/physical activity & is relieved by rest. Typically caused by narrowing or blockage of the arteries in the legs (peripheral arterial disease), this is due to a block in the arteries, thrombus, or embolus

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Comprehensive blood test that includes red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), white blood cell differential, and platelet count

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR, sed rate)

Blood test that measures the rate at which RBCs settle out of blood to form sediment in the bottom of a test tube; indicates presence of inflammatory disease

Hematocrit (HCT, Hct, crit)

Blood test that measures the volume of RBCs within the total volume of blood

White Blood Cell Count (WBC)

Blood test that determines # of leukocytes in a volume of blood; an increase may indicate infection or leukemia; a decrease may be caused by some diseases, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy

White Blood Cell Differential (diff)

Blood test that determines the number of each type of leukocyte

Hemoglobin (Hgb, hb)

Blood test that measures the amount of hemoglobin present in a given volume of blood

Phlebotomy

Removal of a blood specimen from a vein for laboratory tests; also called venipuncture

Platelet Count

Blood test that determines the # of platelets in a given volume of blood

Red Blood Cell Count (RBC)

Blood test that determines the # of erythrocytes in a volume of blood; a decrease may indicate anemia; an increase may indicate polycythemia vera

Blood Test

Tests the size of the RBC and the color of the RBC

Normocytic

Normal cell size of the RBC

Microcytic

RBCs that are smaller size than a regular

Macrocytic

RBCs that are larger than a regular

Megalocytic

A very large RBC

Hypochromia

RBCs have less color than normal when examined under a microscope

Hyperchromia

RBCs have more color than normal when examined under a microscope

Serum

Blood that has had formed elements and clotting factors removed

Blood Analyzer

Machine that automatically performs multiple blood chemistry tests, such as complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and blood-clotting tests