World Issues Unit 1+2 Test

Mercator Projection

developed in 1569, this projection is still widely used today for navigation, however it is no longer popular in atlases

What are the benefits of Mercator Projections?

it preserves compass bearings and distances on maps

Mercator Projection

developed in 1569, this projection is still widely used today for navigation, however it is no longer popular in atlases

What are the benefits of Mercator Projections?

it preserves compass bearings and distances on maps

What are the problems with Robinson Projections?

minimizes and distorts the shape and size of most regions, particularly bad in the polar regions

What are the problems of Gall Peters Projections?

certain areas appear stretched, horizontally near the poles and vertically near the Equator

Winkel Tripel Projection

developed by __ in 1921. prime meridian and equator are straight lines while all other parallels and meridians are curved

What is good about Winkel Trippel?

Adopted by the National Geographic in 1998 as it better represents the size and shape of Earth features, especially in the polar regions. It preserves compass bearings and distances

What is the problem with map biases?

Distortion - unfair representation of countries

North-South World Classification

- most developed nations in the northern hemisphere, temperate zone

- nations in the southern hemisphere dependent on agriculture (tropical zone)

- exceptions: australia, new zealand, argentina and south africa (economy - partly north and south)

North-South: Environmental determinism

- south = hot, work slower, more breaks, lazy

- north = cooler, variable temperatures led to more determined and driven work ethic, inside inventing

outdated: First world

capitalist, industrialized, democratic, urbanized, north

Second world

communist, command economy, not as developed or urbanized as the first world

Political framework

the focus is on the power and control governments and international organizations have because they design, administer and make judgments, e.g. the sustainable development goals

Social framework

the focus is cultural - the customs, values, and other forms of human endeavour characteristic of a particular community or group within a community, e.g position of women in Iraq

Economic Framework

the focus is financial - the cost of the situation and its remedy or the monetary benefits from its solution, e.g NAFTA trade disputes

Environmental Framework

the focus is the natural environment and the way people interact with that environment either locally or globally, e.g global warming

What are the disadvantages of Mercator Projections?

it distorts shape and sizes of regions (polar regions larger, equatorial regions smaller)

Robinson Projection

developed as a compromise between all of the distortions in an attempt to accurately project the earth onto a map

What are the benefits of the Robinson Projection?

size and shapes near the eastern and western edges of the map are accurate

Gall Peters Projections

What are the benefits of the Gall Peters Projections?

Accurate with size but not shape. Offers a representation of the nations in their true proportion to one another

third world

- unstable governments (some autocratic, democratic, communist)

- varied and weak economies

- low standard of living

- large percentage of the population engaged in farming

- rural, south

developed countries

- industrialized, stable government, strong economies - free market/mixed
- democratic
- wealthy
- high GDP and GNP
- high standard of living

nearly industrialized countries

moving from developing to developed by expanding their economy from agriculture to industry/manufacturing

increased social freedoms and civil rights

developing countries

economy is based on few products, not industrialized

high % in agriculture.

demographic transition model

used to describe the change from a high birth rate and high death rate demographic patterns to a low birth rate and low death rate pattern

human development index

summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development

focuses on people and their capabilities as criteria for assessing the development of a country

fertility rate

average number of children born to a woman in her lifetime

replacement fertility

the total fertility rate that will result in a stable population. the __ is usually considered to be 2.1 children per woman (2 children born to replace two parents dying - the 0.1 is required to make up for women who choose not to or are unable to have children, or who dies before having children)

population implosion

a dramatic decline in population, the opposite of population explosion

demographic momentum

the phenomenon of continued population increase despite reduced reproductive rates. even in the face of extreme measures aimed at lowering reproductive rates, the population will continue to grow due to a large proportion of its population entering its reproductive years

dependency ratio/load

a demographic measure of the ratio of the number of dependents to the total working-age population in a country or region

dependency ratio formula

# dependents/population aged 15 to 64 x 100

zero population growth

theoretical goal in which the number of people entering a population through birth or immigration is equal to the number of people leaving via death or emigration

population composition

a snapshot of of the demographic profile of a population based on fertility, mortality, and migration rates

malthusian theory

a theory asserting that population is controlled through positive checks (war, famine, disease) and preventive checks (measures to reduce fertility)

carrying capacity

the amount of people that can live in a given area considering the amount of available resources

cornucopian theory

asserts that human ingenuity will rise to the challenge of providing adequate resources for a growing population

crude death rate

number derived from the number of deaths per 1000 people per year

population growth formula

(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)

net reproductive rate (r)

r = (births-deaths) / population size)

OECD the better life index

more to life than cold numbers of GDP and economic statistics. this index allows you to compare well-being across countries, based on 11 topics of the __ has identified as essential in the ares of material living conditions and quality of life