Cell Cycle ~ AP Bio Vocab 10

the big one zero!

cell cycle

process that produces new cell OR replaces damaged/dying cells, highly regulated

chromosome

= 2 sister chromatids + centromere + telomeres. extremely condensed DNA, unusable by cell for function

gene

sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce functional RNA

apoptosis

self destruction of a cell

sister chromatids

either of the 2 identical chromatids produced by replication of a chromosome during S phase

centromere

DNA + proteins that holds sister chromatids together

telomere

DNA + proteins that keeps the ends of the chromosome from unravelling

mitosis

division of the nucleus

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

G₁ Phase

longest part of the cell cycle, cell grows larger, makes new ribosomes and enzymes/proteins

G₂ Phase

organelles duplicate, last minute protein synthesis

S Phase

DNA is replicated making sister chromatids, histones and phospholipids are made, centrosome duplicated

M Phase

mitosis and cytokinesis

checkpoint

points when the cell cycle can be halted until conditions are favorable

cyclin

groups of proteins whose levels change with cell cycle, control cell cycle proteins

Cyclin Dependent Kinase (Cdk)

work with cyclins to regulate cell cycle, always present in cell, but inactive unless bounded by cyclin. Once activated, it’ll phosphorylate target proteins to promote cell cycle progression

oncogene

mutated gene that promotes cancer, signals cell to divide in absence of external signals

tumor suppressor

**********normal genes that block the formation of cancer (cells no longer respond to internal signals to halt the cell cycle)