bootcamp bio cellular energy

Catabolic ve anabolic

Catabolic = break down molecs for energy

Anabolic = build up molecs using energy

Reaction coupling

Powering an unfavorable reaction using a favorable one ( powering emdergonic rxn w an exergonic rxn) = -deltaG = spont

Where does atp get the energy currency from

Atp hydrolysis - break bonds between phosphate groups which releases energy (atp —> adp)

Example of catabolic reaction

Aerobic cellular respiration

What are the four components of aerobic cellular respiration?

Glycolysis —> pyruvate decarboxylatin —> Krebs cycle —> oxidative phosphorylation

Basic formula of glycolysis

Glucose —> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

(Glycolysis converts glucose into 2 pyruvate)

What is the only process in aerobic cellular respiration that is anaerobic?

Glycolysis

What are the two parts of Glycolysis

1) energy investment phase

2) energy payoff phase

What is the energy investment phase of glycolysis

1)hexokinase adds atp to glucose which makes glucose-6-phosphate

2) isomerase turns glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate

3)phosphofructokinase adds 2nd atp to fructose-6-phosphate which turns into fructose-6-biphosphate

4) fructose-6-biphosphate splits into 2G3P molecs + DHAP

What happened in the energy payoff phase of glycolysis

G3P molecs undergoes redox rxns which makes 4ATP (via substrate level phosphory), 2 pyruvate, 2NADH

Basic formula of pyruvate decarboxylation

2Pyruvate —> 2CO2 + 2NADH + 2acetylcoA

Pyruvate decarboxylation is also known as

Pyruvate oxidation or pyruvate manipulation

What are the three steps of pyruvate decarboxylation?

1) decarboxylation = 3C pyruvate molec enters mitoch and CO2 is removed to form 2C molec

2) oxidation = 2C molec gets oxidized by NAD+ to form acetyl group + NADH

3) coenzyme A (coA) binds to acetyl group to form acetyl coA

What is the enzyme that carries out pyruvate decarboxylation

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Krebs cycle basic formula

2(AcetylcoA —> 2CO2 + 3NADH + FADH2 + ATP)

Oxidativ phosphorylation basic formula

E-carriers (NADH + FADH2) + O2 —> ATP + H2O + FAD+ + NAD+

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place in euks and proks?

Euks = inner mitoch membrane

Proks = cell membrane

2 main parts of oxidative phosphorylation

1) ETC : ton of protons bc of electrons moving thru which forms electrochemical gradient

2) chemiosmosis : ATP Synthase moves protons doen the gradient which leads to ADP —> ATP

What is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation

Oxygen — brings the elections out of the system

What is the total net atp yield of aerobic cellular respiration

36-38 atp

Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Aerobic = energy production where oxygen is the final electron acceptor

Anaerobic = energy production where something other than oxygen is the final electron acceptor

What is the overall goal of fermentation

To regenerate NAD+ to give back to glycolysis (since glycolysis can only convert NAD+ to NADH not the other way around)

Where in the cell does fermentation occur

Cytosol

What problem does fermentation resolve ?

The problem is that in glycolysis NAD+ keeps having to be reduced to NADH and it will run out of NAD+, so fermentation will regenerate NAD+ by converting pyruvate to either lactate(lactic acid fermentation) or acetylaldehyde(alcohol fermentation)

What is the difference between lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation

Lactic acid = pyruvate to lactate to regen NAD+ for glycolysis

Alcohol fermentation = pyruvate to acetylaldehyde to ethanol to regen NAD+

Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic

Anaerobic respiration

facultative aerobe

prefers aerobic resp but capable of anaerobic when needed 

Aerotolerate

only an resp but can toelrate O2 

Microaerophile

aeroboic resp but too much O2 is toxic 

What are carbs stored as in the body?

Glycogen

Bodi’s preferred energy source

Carbs

Body's least preferred energy source

Proteins bc it needs a lot of energy and it is used in other functions