Cell Structures, Digestion, and Heart Flashcards

Flashcards about cell structures, digestive system, and the heart

Nucleus

A large, circular organelle containing the nucleolus and chromatids, responsible for producing ribosomes and holding DNA/chromosomes.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle with rough and smooth parts; the rough part contains ribosomes, and the smooth part contains enzymes, proteins, and liquids.

Golgi Body

An organelle that packages proteins in both plant and animal cells.

Lysosome

An organelle found only in animal cells that releases its contents outside the cell.

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell. Responsible for converting energy stored in glucose into ATP.

Centrioles

Found only in animal cells, made of microtubules, and helps the cell divide through mitosis and meiosis

Cytoplasm

The liquid that holds organelles in place within a cell.

Cell membrane

The outermost limit of a cell with selective permeability.

Vacuoles

Organelles that store water and nutrients, filled with fluid, and remove waste products from the cell.

Cell wall

Surrounds the membrane in plant cells and provides strength, support, and protection.

Chloroplast

Organelle found in plant cells that absorbs light to make sugar through photosynthesis.

Ingestion

The process where food is taken into the body.

Digestion

The process where food is broken down, both physically and chemically.

Absorption

The stage where digested food products are absorbed into the bloodstream.

Assimilation

The conversion of digested food products into fluid and solid parts of a cell/tissue.

Elimination

The removal of undigested food residues from the body as feces.

Mechanical Digestion

The physical breakdown of food into smaller fragments.

Chemical Digestion

The breakdown of food by chemical agents like enzymes and acids.

Macromolecule

A very large molecule made up of smaller molecules linked together.

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction in which water breaks apart macromolecules into smaller molecules.

Bolus

Food that has been mixed with saliva in the mouth.

Epiglottis

A flap that closes to ensure the bolus does not enter the trachea.

Gastric juice

A mixture of salts, enzymes, hydrochloric acid, water, and mucus secreted in the stomach.

Pepsin

A protease secreted in the stomach that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides.

Chyme

The creamy paste that food is turned into after being digested in the stomach.

Villi

Increases the surface area of small intestine for absorption.

Bicarbonate

A substance released by the pancreas to neutralize acidic food in the small intestine.

Bile

A substance synthesized by the liver to emulsify fats.

Emulsify

The process of breaking down fats into smaller fragments.

electrolytes

fluid that is reabsorbed in the large intestine.

Anus

The opening where waste is egested.

Right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior/inferior vena cava.

Left atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.

Right ventricle

Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.

Pulmonary artery

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Aorta

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.

Inferior vena cava

Carries deoxygenated blood from the bottom of the body to the heart.

Superior vena cava

Carries deoxygenated blood from the top of the body to the heart.

Pulmonary vein

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.