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adaptation
evolution by natural selection
adaptive evolution
evolution by natural selection
allele
an alternate form of a gene that has slight differences in the exact arrangement and type of nucleic acids compared to other versions
allele frequency
the number of occurrences of an allele that one would expect to find in a population of a given size
allopatric speciation
speciation between two or more spatially disjunct (not in the same place) populations
biological species concept
the definition of a species as consisting of all individuals that can actually or potentially interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring
chromosome
a tight coil of DNA, which is a double-stranded molecule of bonded nucleic acids
directional selection
a shift in the trait frequency distribution of an organism whereby the mean trait value tends to shift through time toward one or the other end of the original distribution; a form of natural selection
disruptive selection
a shift in a trait frequency distribution whereby the extremes of the frequency distribution become more common over time; a form of natural selection
dominant allele
an allele that codes for its trait even if there is only one copy of the allele at a genetic locus
ecotype
a population of a species with locally adapted traits
evolution
a change in gene frequency in a population over time
What are the four mechanisms of evolution?
mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection
fitness
genetic contribution that an individual makes to future generations
gene
a sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contains the code for a biological molecule with a particular physiological or behavioral function
gene flow
the movement of alleles from one population to another via the movement of organisms or their gametes across space
genetic drift
the removal of genes from a population over time through random mating between individuals or by the random death of individuals
genetic mutation
errors in the replication of DNA within a cell that create slight differences in nucleotide sequences, leading to novel alleles
genotype
a specific combination of alleles in an individual at a particular genetic locus
genus
a level in the taxonmic hierarchy
geographic isolating mechanism
a physical barrier that prevents organism dispersal and limits gene flow
heritable
transmissible from parent to offspring via the genetic inheritance of alleles
heterozygous
having two different alleles for a particular gene
homozygous
having two copies of the same allele for a particular gene
morphology
an organism’s appearance
natural selection
the differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population in response to biotic and abiotic factors in their environment acting on heritable variation in traits of individuals
non-native species
a population founded by individuals transported by humans and released well outside their native range
phenology
the cyclic and seasonal events in the life of a plant or animal; also the study of cyclic and seasonal biological phenomena in relation to climate
phenotype
the specific observable physical, developmental, or behavioral trait of an organism; determined by the organism’s genotype
population
the largest groups of things under study, a group of individuals of the same species that can mate together, a group of individuals of the same species that is spatially distinct from other groups of individuals of the same species
recessive allele
an allele that codes for its trait only if there are two copies of the allele at a genetic locus
relative fitness
an individual’s contribution to the gene pool of the future generations relative to the contribution from other individuals in the same population
reproductive isolating mechanism
a mechanism that separate two evolutionary lineages, making it so they can no longer interbreed; all speciation requires a reproductive isolating mechanism
scientific name
the genus and specific epithet that provide a name for a species
sexual selection
evolutionary selection for traits that increase mating success rather than survival
speciation
the process by which two species arise from one common ancestral species
stabilizing selection
a change in a trait frequency distribution whereby the mean trait value does not change through time, but the variation away from that mean decreases over time
sympatric speciation
speciation that occurs when two (or more) population lineages occupy the same physical location but experience no gene flow between them
taxon
the singular form of a general term referring to biological groups at a variety of different evolutionary organizational levels from subspecies up to orders