History and Theory of Asian Architecture Exam 1

Zhongguo

Zhongguo

What the Chinese people call their land (means the Middle Kingdom)

Banpo Village

Oldest neolithic village in China

Chinese Language

Mandarin and Cantonese

Rites of Zhou

ancient building code

Well-Field System

Grid System Origins

Geomancy- Feng Shui

(Wind - Water)
Understanding the Energies of the Earth
Five Elements - Water, Fire, Earth, Wood, and Metal
"Surrounded by Mountains facing Water

Dadu

Present-day Beijing
(Forbidden City)
One of the best designed capitals at this time

Spring and Autumn Period

Confucious (Kong Zi)
Foundation of Buddhism in India

Warring States Period

Iron age
Taosim

Taoism

Living in harmony with the Tao (the way)

Ma Yansong

First Chinese architect to recieve RIBA Fellowship
MAD Architects

Qin Dynasty

Beginning of the dynasties
Great Wall
Qin Mausoleum
Tumulus Burial Mounds
Capital at Chang'An (Xi'An

Qin Shi Huang Di

First emperor of China
Banned Confucionism

Great Wall

More than 6,000 Kilometers
Built over hundreds of years
Rammed earth construction (Original)
Built during warring states

Han Dynasty

Invented Currency
Silk Road
Founded through regional conquest
Heavenly Horses of the Han

Buddhism

Introduced through silk road
Influenced Chinese Culture
founded by Siddartha Guatama, "The Buddha"

Longmen Grottoes

"Dragons Gate Grotoes"
Early examples of Buddhist Sculpture
Limestone

Sui Dynasty

Emperor Sui Wen Di
Reunification after wars of eastern han

Tang Dynasty

Capital at Chang'An (Xi'An)
Cultural High Point
Most advanced/powerful civilization

Chinese Construction System

Dou-Gong bracket system
Cantilever Based
Ying-Tsao Fa-Shih

Platform Base
Post and Beam
Semi-Rigid structure
Gable roof

The Dou Gong Bracket System

system of cantilevers
supported roof
Interlocking wood

Foguang Temple

Oldest Extant Wooden Structure in China (Tang)
Part of Foquang Monestary

The Buddhist Pagoda (Prayer Tower)

Derived from Indian Stupa (Dome Symbolizes Heaven)
(Songyue - Oldest)

Mongolian Invasion (Yuan Empire)

Genghis Khan
Kublai Khan (1st Emperor of Yuan)
Capital at Khanbalik (Beijing)
modelled Dadu on "Rights of the Zhou"

Ghengis Khan

Mongol Ruler - Established Largest Land Empire
(Area the size of Africa)
Abolished Torture
International Post System
Encouraged Trade
Religious Freedom

Mongolian Culture

Extreme Climate
Horse Based Culture
Ger (Yurt) - Portable Nomadic Structure

Ming Dynasty

Early capital at Nanjing, Moved to Beijing
Reconstructed from Dadu
Dragon symbolizes power (Emperor) (Gold and Red)

Imperial Beijing and the Forbidden City

Forbidden for Commoners
Couldn't Build Higher
Defensive Walls - Concentric

Taihe Hall - (Hall of Supreme Harmony)

Tallest/Largest
Imperial Ceremony
"9" is Imperial

Hutong

Chinese Dwellings in Narrow Streets

Siheyuan

A Chinese dwelling with several individual pavilions set around an open court

Minju

Housing in Central China with Skywells

Tolou

Large Communal Living Built by the Haika for protection

Influences for Contemporary China

Rapid economic growth
Urbanization and Zoning
Technology

Lin Huiyin and Liang Sicheng

Sicheng - Father of Chinese Architecture
Huiyin - Poet and Architect
Fought to preserve Classical Architecture

Dae Han Min Guk

"the hermit kingdom"
"the land of the morning calm
Korea
Flag uses Yin-Yang

Hangul

Korean Language (Dev. 15th Century)
based on 24 characters
characters are arranged into syllables to form words
Developed on movement of the tongue and mouth
Previously used Chinese Characters

United Silla

First Dynasty over entire paninsula
Capital at Gyeongju

Cheomseongdae

Oldest surviving Korean observatory in East Asia; also "Star-Gazing Tower"

Bulguksa Temple Complex

"temple of the Buddha Land"
Stone Pagodas

Seokguran grotto

Buddhist Temple east of Geongju

Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond

Originally near silla palace
Anapji Dredged and Rebuilt in 1974-Released Relics
Surrounded by stone walls and 5 buildings

Buseoksa Temple

Temple of the Floating Stone
Founded by Monk Uisang in Silla

Joseon Dynasty

Humanistic and Rationalistic
Challenged Buddhism and Taoism
All could atain higher goals through application
emphasis on clearly defined hierarchical roles
step backward in womens rights

Temple -
Shrine -

Temple - Buddhist
Shrine - Non-Buddhist

JONGMYO, THE ROYAL ANCESTRAL SHRINE

Less Hierarchy
For Joseon Kings and Queens
Held Spirit Tablets

King Sejong

4th King of Joseon Dynasty
Invention of Hangul
Much beloved by korean people
Reinforced confucian policies
Defeated Japanese Pirates to Regain South

Imjin Wars

Japanese forces attempts to conquer korea
significant pieces of architecture were destroyed
Turtle Ship

Turtle Ships

Designed by YI Sun-Sin
Possibly first armored ship
Won many battles against Japanese Navy

Gyeongbokgung

"Palace Greatly Blessed by Heaven"
Built in the heart of Seoul
Includes double roofs

Ondol Floor

Korean floor heating system beneath masonry floor
held by stone piers

P'ungsu-Jiri

Korean Geomancy
Wind, Water, Earth
Greater emphasis on energies from mountains

Cheongdeok Palace

Palace of "Illustrious Virtue"
Grand Royal Residence east of Gyeongbokgung
Huwon Secret Garden (idea of uncultivated garden)

Korean Aesthetics

Mak: Spontaneity
Bium: Poignant Vacancy
Emphasis on act of creation
Fondness of Unexpected
Rejection of Refinement

Maksabal

Bowl to be used right away
Lower quality clay

Onggi

Storage Vases - Simple food and utility pieces
Frequently Buried