Lecture 9 - Psychosocial Constraints in Motor Development

Social Experiences

How individuals come to view themselves is largely affected by their _____________

Interaction of Individual (Functional) and Environmental (Sociocultural) Constraints

What interaction occurs to form psychosocial constraints?

within ourselves, external

Psychosocial constraints begin from __________, and are influenced by ___________ sources

Erik Eriksons

Who established the 8 stages of psychological development

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson stage involving the actions of our primary caregivers, and how reliable they are. “Can I rely on the world?)

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Erikson Stage involving the desire to be able to do things on our own. “Let me try, I can do it”

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt.

Erikson Stage involving building self control within a social context regarding goal directed behaviors “Is it okay to act on my ideas?”

Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson Stage involving the desire to increase social standing by having skills. “Am I good compared to my peers?”

Reading

Skill that often differs within children that influences the industry and inferiority stage.

Stage 5: Identity vs Role Confusion

Erikson stage involving the desire to search for ones identity. “Who am I?”, “What do I want to be?”

Stage 6 :Intimacy vs Isolation

Erikson Stage involving the desire to focus on personal relationships “

Stage 7: Generativity Vs. Stagnation

Erikson Stage involving the desire of being able to independently create or produce new content within a system “What am I doing with my life?”

Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs Despair

Erikson stage involving the reflection of ones life. “How do I feel about the life I have lived”

1. Trust vs Mistrust

2. Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

3. Initiative vs Guilt

4. Industry vs Inferiority

5. Identity vs Role Confusion

6. Intimacy vs Isolation

7. Generativity vs Stagnation

8. Ego Integrity vs Despair

Order of Erikson Stages

Psych, Social

The Erikson’s Stages each have a _______ component and a ________ component

Self-Esteem, Self-Concept, Self-Worth

The 3 “Self’s” to know

Self Esteem

Self-Evaluation of Individual Capability, How capable someone thinks of themselves.

age 5

Children compare themselves to peers as young as ______

feedback, teachers and coaches

Children develop self-esteem from _________ from __________

Socially, internalized

Self Esteem is build ___________ then _____________

self-esteem development

Emotions associated with participation in sport and physical affect ___________________

Success

Self-Esteem is built up by ________

Reinforcement

Based on Self-Esteem research, it has been shown that male athletes have increased self esteem following ______________, while female athletes do not.

Mastery.

Sport enjoyment for children comes from perception of high ability of ___________

Self-Concept

Perception one has about who they are

contexts

Self-concept spans several ____________

differ

Self-concept can _______ between contexts (e.g., Math vs. History)

Self-Worth

Overall Value that you place on yourself

Social, Physical, Cognition.

Particular Traits related to Self-Worth

Physical Appearance and Social Acceptance

During Mid-Late Childhood, children’s Self-Worth is focused on what?

Difficult to identify value

During Early Childhood, Self-Worth is ________

Feelings of friends, Romantic appeal, and job competence

During Adolescence, Self-Worth Distinguishes feelings of what?

12, Balanced.

University-age individuals can differentiate and articulate ____ elements of self worth. The goal of self worth is for the areas to be __________

Attributions

Reasons to which people credit their successes and failures

Causality, Stability, Controllability

3 dimensions of attributions

Internal/External (Causality)

Dimension of Attributions regarding whether an outcome is the result of self, or others

Stable/Unstable (Stability)

Dimensions of Attributions regarding how likely the result is to change.

Controllable/Uncontrollable (Controllability)

Dimensions of Attributions regarding how much one can influence the outcome.

Attribution Theory

Theory involving the Locus of Causality, Locus of Control, and Stability

Future Success, Emotional Influences

Regarding the Attribution Theory, Stability is ____________, Causality and controllability is ____________________

External Sources, Internal Sources

Females typically attribute positive performances to ______________ and Negative performances to ______________

Internal Sources, External Sources

Males typically attribute positive performance to _____________ and negative performances to _____________

Positive Internal, Stable, Controllable

High self esteem & Success involve what factors of attributions

Negative External, Unstable, Uncontrollable

Low self esteem involve what factors of factors

low self esteem

Children with _____________ underestimate their abilities

Comparison

Adult Attributions often involve ________________.

Effort, Practice, Experiences, Goal, Feedback

Retraining Positive Attributions involve what 5 factors?

1. Emphasizing improvement through _________

2. Emphasize improvement through continued __________

3. Provide progressive learning __________

4. Encourage ______ setting

5. Give accurate ___________

participation in sport and physical activity

Perceived motor competence is a predictor of ________________________

Perceived Motor Competence

Your perception of your own motor abilities

Self-Esteem, Performance effort, Sport engagement

High perceived competence increases

inaccurate, over-confident

Within Early Childhood, the perception of actual motor ability is ___________ (_______________)

higher, lower

Within Middle childhood, Boys perceive their motor competence to be _________ than reality, Girls perceive their locomotor skills to be ________ than reality

Abilities and varied Judgements

Adolescent perceptions of motor competence involve varied ________ and varied _________

self-esteem

There is a strong link between _____________ and motivation

dropout

High motivation for an activity reduces the likelihood of _________

Persistence

Continued engagement in physical activity and sport

Dropout

Discontinuing engagement in physical activity and sport

Personal Incentives, A sense of self, Perceived options

Adult physical activity reflects three interrelated factors: