APWH vocab 8

unit 5 ch 8

steam engine

The great breakthrough of the Industrial Revolution, the coal-fired invention that provided an almost limitless source of power and could be used to drive any number of machines as well as locomotives and ships

textile industry

The site of the initial technological breakthroughs of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain, where multiple innovations transformed cotton textile production, resulting in an enormous increase in output.

adam smith

18th-century Scottish economist and philosopher, best known for his book 'The Wealth of Nations,' which laid the foundations for modern economics and capitalism.

john stuart mill

British philosopher and economist was a proponent of liberalism and utilitarianism, advocating for individual liberty and social reforms, particularly women's suffrage

ideology of domesticity

A set of ideas and values that defined the ideal role of middle-class women in nineteenth-century Europe, focusing their activity on homemaking, child rearing, charitable endeavors, and “refined” activities as the proper sphere for women

luddites

a group of English textile workers in the early 19th century who protested against the mechanization of their industry by destroying machinery, which they saw as threatening their jobs, wages, and quality of life

robert owen

Welsh industrialist, social reformer, and utopian socialist who sought to improve the lives of workers during the Industrial Revolution. with ideas on labor, fair treatment, shorter hours, education for children, and creating model communities to demonstrate cooperative living and a better society

karl marx

The most influential proponent of socialism, a German expatriate in England who predicted working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future.

labour party 

British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxismerw

American Federation of Labor

founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers for skilled workers. It focused on "bread and butter" issues like higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions, using collective bargaining and strikes

White collar workers

a new class of salaried professionals who perform administrative, managerial, or professional tasks in office settings, a group that emerged during the Industrial Revolution and the subsequent rise of the middle class

blue collar workers

industrial working class of manual laborers in factories, mines, and construction who often faced low wages, dangerous conditions, and poor living situations in urban centers. Their struggle led to the rise of labor unions, which advocated for better pay, hours, and safety, and the development of new social and political movements, like socialism and communism. 

progressives 

Followers of an American political movement in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures such as wages-and-hours legislation to correct the ills of industrialization.

Russian social democratic labor party 

was a Marxist-based political party that played a significant role in the lead-up to the 1917 Russian Revolution. It split into two main factions: the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, over ideological and strategic differences

Tsar nicholas ii

Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland from 1 November 1894 until his abdication in 1917. His reign of over 22 years marked the final chapter of the Romanov dynasty, which had ruled Russia for more than three centuries

caudillos

Military strongmen who seized control of a government in nineteenth-century Latin America, and were frequently replaced.

mexican revolution

Long and bloody war (1910–1920) in which  dreformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz and create a new, much more democratic political order.

dependent development

Term used to describe Latin America’s economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions; also viewed as a new form of colonialism.

russian revolt of 1905

Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country’s defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms