Child Psych: Exam 5

Does growth tend to slow down or speed up in middle childhood?

Slows down, picks up at the end (especially for girls)

What percent of kids experience growing pains and where do they feel them?

~25-40%, thighs, calves, behind knees, arms

Is skipping breakfast a good way to lose weight?

No! Breakfast is nutrient-dense, skipping is associated with weight gain

How and when does prepubescence begin?

tends to begin with the hormonal changes between 6-8 years old

At what age does precocious puberty (early puberty) begin?

Girls: before age 8

Boys: before age 9

By the time a child is 6, their brain is already at __% of its peak size.

95% (brain doesn’t grow much in size after age 6)

What is neurodiversity?

“a perspective that neurological differences… are to be honored and respected”

What is a specific learning disorder (aka learning disability)?

persistent difficulty with specific areas of learning that causes significant interference

What are some criteria for specific learning disorder?

Normal or maybe high IQ, appropriate opportunities for leaning, and difficulty in a subject (normally reading, writing, or math)

T or F: It is almost impossible to get children who have been sexually abused to talk about their abuse

False

T or F: More children receive services at school for a specific learning disability than for autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability combined

True

T or F: The primary cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is poor parenting

False

T or F: The quality of the diets of children in the United States has declined in recent years

False

T or F: Pulling a loose baby tooth allows the permanent tooth to emerge more quickly

False

T or F: Not getting enough sleep can make you gain weight

True

T or F: When children play organized sports, more children are injured during practice than are injured during the game itself

True

T or F: Children who participate in organized sports develop skills that will keep them physically active throughout their lifetime

False

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A disorder marked by extreme difficulty with inattention, impulsivity, or a combination of both

Comprehensive school physical activity program (CSPAP)

A multicomponent approach designed to help children be physically active

What is diabetes?

A metabolic disorder in which the body does not produce insulin or cannot use the insulin produced by the body

What is dyslexia?

A specific learning disorder that is characterized by problems with accurate or fluent word recognnition, poor decoding, and poor spelling abilities

Fight-or-Flight response

The body’s physiological responses to threat

What is human growth hormone?

A regulatory substance in the body that stimulates and regulates growth

What are intramural programs?

Sports programs in which students compete only with students from their same school

What is nocturnal enuresis?

An involuntary emptying of the bladder during sleep beyond the age at which children usually gain bladder control

What is precocious puberty?

A condition in which pubertal changes begin at an extraordinarily early age

What is prepubescence?

The period before puberty when hormonal changes begin

What is rough-and-tumble play?

Play that looks like fighting or wrestling, where the goal is not to hurt or win, but to have fun

What is specific learning disorder (SLD)?

Persistent difficulty with specific areas of learning (such as reading, writing, or arithmetic) that causes significant interference with academic performance and/or daily activities

What is stess?

Anything that places excessive demands on our ability to cope

At what age do girls start producing estrogen?

10+ years old

How much fast food is eaten in middle childhood?

More fast food than early childhood, but less than adolescence

What does RTI stand for?

Response to intervention

What is tier 1 in the RTI model?

Core classroom curriculum

• all kids get this

What is tier 2 in the RTI model?

Targeted small group

• for kids who are struggling a little bit

What is tier 3 in the RTI model?

Intensive individual intervention

• for kids who have more serious difficulties

What is some criteria for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

• "Persistent pattern of behavior"

• Multiple settings

• More severe than peers

What % of 2 year olds and 4 year olds focuses during a puppet show?

2 years old: 13%

4 years old: ~35%

What were the DSM 5 (2013) ADHD changes?

• Change: "presentation" (not "type")

• Change: several symptoms before age 12 (formerly some before age 7)

• New: older adolescents/adults: at least 5 symptoms

• New: specify if:

  • Mild

  • Moderate

  • Severe

• Change: prevalence = ~5% children, 2.5% adults

What are the symptoms of inattentive presentation?

• Careless mistakes

• Difficulty sustaining attention

• Does not seem to listen

9 symptoms total. Must have at least 6 to be diagnosed

What are the symptoms of hyperactive-impulsive presentation?

• Fidgets in seat

• Talks excessively

• Interrupts others

9 symptoms total. Must have at least 6 to be diagnosed

What is combined presentation?

have at least 6 in inattentive presentation & hyperactive-impulsive presentation

What is the concordance rate of families with a diagnosed child?

1,938 families with at least 1 diagnosed child

How can you prevent, manage, and accept ADHD-like behaviors?

• Make classroom smaller

• Add more recess time & gym classes

• Try to value energetic behavior

• Try to value "outside of the box" & creative thinking

• Consider psychosocial interventions

• Consider medication

What have studies shown about stimulant medication?

• Stimulant medications produce "acute, short-term improvements in on-task behavior"

• Reveal that stimulants have no long-term benefit

• Psychosocial interventions increase the likelihood that improvements will last

What are interventions that DO NOT have convincing research support?

• Special diets (e.g., sugar elimination)

• Dietary supplements

• Cognitive training

What does EBI stand for?

Evidence based treatments

What are well-established EBIs?

• Organization training

  • elementary & adolescents

• Behavioral parent training

  • preschool & elementary

• Behavioral classroom management

  • preschool & elementary

• Behavioral peer interactions

  • elementary

What is organizational skills training?

• prep for class & homework

• organization of school materials

• homework management

What is behavioral parent training?

• positive attention

• powerful attention for compliance

• effective commands

• dealing with interruptions

• home token system

• constructive consequences

• expanded time-out

• generalizing to public places

What is behavioral classroom management?

• antecedent control

• frequent feedback/consequences

• token system

• time-out

• behavior report card (school-home note)

What did the treatment study show for school-aged children with ADHD?

• 74 received medication first (methlyphenidate)

• 72 received behavioral first (BPT & DRC)

What did the insufficient responders receive after 8 weeks of treatment?

• Re-randomized into:

  • more intense of same treatment

  • switch to other treatment

How long did the treatment last?

1 year

Initial treatment was sufficient for . . .

• 33% of the behavioral treatment first group

• 53% of the medication first group

What is the safe amount of chemicals you can ingest?

There is NO safe amount of chemicals you can ingest

What is a GMO?

Genetically modified organism

What is transgenesis?

Taking one (or more) genes from one species and purposefully adding it to another species

What are the benefits of genetic modification?

• Drought resistance

• Pest resistance

• Disease resistance

• Increased crop yield

• Increased nutritional content

• Economic benefits

• Reduced pesticide usage

What can vitamin A deficiency cause?

Blindness, infant mortality, and death

What is golden rice?

Genetically modified rice that can increase vitamin A

What do biotech crops do?

Can contribute to helping world hunger be put to an end

Does non-GMO mean pesticide free?

No, there is no way to make food pesticide free

Do GMOs make people sick?

No, there is no evidence that eating foods containing GMOs make people sick

Are there any connections between GMO foods and cancer/autism?

NO

Is it beneficial not to get vaccinated?

No, there is no evidence that not getting vaccines and having your body fight them off naturally is beneficial

What is homeopathy?

Believing that whatever caused your issues is what can solve them

Does homeopathy work?

No, it is no better than the placebo effect