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Anaphylaxis
Life-threatening allergic response that can result in death.
Antipyretics
Drugs that lower body temperature.
Cyclooxygenase (COX)
Key enzyme in biosynthesis of prostaglandins.
Histamine
Chemical released by mast cells in response to an antigen; causes dilation of blood vessels, bronchoconstriction, tissue swelling, and itching.
Inflammation
Nonspecific body defense that occurs in response to an injury or antigen.
Prostaglandins
Class of local hormones that promote local inflammation and pain when released by cells in the body.
Salicylates
Aspirin-like substance.
Salicylism
Poisoning due to aspirin and aspirin-like drugs.
Acquired resistance
Capacity of a microbe to no longer be affected by drug following anti-infective pharmacotherapy.
Aerobic
Pertaining to an oxygen environment.
Anaerobic
Pertaining to an environment without oxygen.
Antibiotic
Substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills other microorganisms.
Anti-infective
General term for any medication that is effective against pathogens.
Bactericidal
Substance that kills bacteria.
Bacteriostatic
Substance that inhibits (slows) the growth of bacteria.
Beta-lactamase
Enzyme present in certain bacteria that is able to inactivate many penicillins and some cephalosporins.
Beta-lactam ring
Chemical structure found in most penicillins and some cephalosporins.
Broad-spectrum antibiotic
Anti-infective that is effective against many different gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.
Culture and sensitivity testing (C&S)
Laboratory exam used to identify bacteria and determine which antibiotic is most effective.
Gram-negative bacteria
Bacteria that do not retain purple stain because they have an outer envelope.
Gram-positive bacteria
Bacteria that stain purple because they have no outer envelope.
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)
Infections acquired by exposure to microbes in healthcare settings.
Host flora
Normal microorganisms found in or on a patient.
Invasiveness
Ability of a microbe to grow rapidly and cause direct damage to host tissues.
Mutations
Permanent, inheritable changes to DNA.
Narrow-spectrum antibiotic
Anti-infective that is effective against only one or a small number of organisms.
Pathogenicity
Ability of an organism to cause disease in humans.
Pathogens
Organisms capable of causing disease.
Penicillinase
Enzyme present in certain bacteria that is able to inactivate many penicillins and some cephalosporins.
Penicillin-binding protein
Enzyme used by bacteria to build cell walls.
Red man syndrome
Rash in the upper body.
Superinfections
New infection caused by an organism different from the one causing the initial infection; usually a side effect of anti-infective therapy.
Urinary antiseptics
Drugs used to treat bladder infections; they sterilize the urine.
Virulence
Severity of disease that a pathogen is able to cause.
Aerosol
Suspension of minute liquid droplets or fine solid particles in a gas.
Asthma
Chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs characterized by airway obstruction.
Bronchospasm
Rapid constriction of the airway.
Chronic bronchitis
Recurrent disease of the lungs characterized by excess mucus production, inflammation, and coughing.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Describes several pulmonary conditions characterized by cough, mucus production, and impaired gas exchange.
Dry powder inhaler (DPI)
Device used to convert solid drug to a fine powder for the purpose of inhalation.
Emphysema
Terminal lung disease characterized by permanent dilation of the alveoli.
Leukotrienes
Chemical mediators of inflammation stored and released by mast cells; effects are similar to those of histamine.
Metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
Most common type of device used to deliver a precise amount of drug to the respiratory system.
Methylxanthines
Chemical derivative of caffeine.
Nebulizer
Device used to convert liquid drugs into a fine mist for the purpose of inhalation.
Perfusion
Blood flow through the lungs.
Status asthmaticus
Rapid, repeated asthma attacks that are life-threatening.
Ventilation
Process of moving air into and out of lungs.
