BIO 214 Uwec Exam 1

Living things must use ____ to maintain a complex level of organization.

energy

Living things must exchange materials with their ____?

Environment

What does metabolism due?

Breaks down food to obtain energy

Living things must maintain ___?

Homeostasis

Living things exhibit ____?

Movement

a body can be moved from one place to another and materials can moved from one place to another within the body... What does this apply to?

Living things exhibit movement

Living things RESPOND to ____?

environmental stimuli

Asexual reproduction involves a ____ parent that splits into ____ daughter offspring.

single

identical

Asexual reproduction involves the union of ____ and ____ from separate parent organisms to produce offspring with traits that ____ from either parent

sperm

egg

differ

Living things grow and develop. what are the important characteristics of this development?

increase in mass, size, complexity

as life progresses.

Genes are pieces of ___ on a ____ that control, physical, _____, and behavioral traits.

DNA

chromosome

physiological

T/F... Do living things pass on hereditary traits?

True

What controls traits and behaviors that improve chances of survival?

Genes

Genes help us understand how _______?

We adapt to the environment

_____ and/or behaviors are selected for or against depending upon the impact that they have on the ____ of the organism.

Traits

Survival

Changes in the gene pool of a population from one generation to another over long periods of time is know as _____?

Evolution

Selective traits, behaviors, and evolution are examples of how ____?

Living things change over time

What are the structural and functional units of life?

Cells

(Chemical level)

structures, regions, or molecules WITHIN a cell are known as ?

organelles

____ is collection of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function.

Tissue

Two or more tissues TYPES that assume recognizable shape and perform a particular function is what?

Organ

An organ system is?

A group of organs that perform a collective function

A single, completely functional living individual is?

Organismal

A body internal environment maintained within limits to establish equilibrium is known as?

Homeostasis

How is homeostasis maintained?

Feedback mechanisms

Loss of homeostasis is often the cause of ?

sickness or death

The bodys response to negate the change or reverse the change of homeostasis is referred to as ?

Negative feedback.

A thermostat is an example of ____ feedback?

thermostat

How is body temperature regulated?

vasodilation

Vasoconstriction

Negative feed back usually fluctuates around a ___?

Set point

Positive feedback occurs when the body detects a physiological change and responds by ____ the original change.

Enhancing

An analogy of positive feedback could be?

A car accelerating away from a stop signal

"A tube within a tube" concerning the human body means?

that we are Bilaterally, symmetrical vertebrates

Anterior/posterior

Superior/Inferior

Medial/lateral

Proximal/distal

Superficial/deep

supine/prone

front/back

Toward the head/toward the feet

midline/away from midline

close to trunk/away from trunk

close to surface/away from surface

laying on back/laying on belly

Sagittal

Frontal

Transverse

left and right

front to back

top and bottom

Dorsal Cavity is located near the ___ surface and contains what cavities?

posterior

cranial, vertebral

The ventral body cavity contains what cavities?

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavaties.

Organic compounds ALWAYS contain ___ and ___. they MAY contain __, __, __, and __.

Carbon and hydrogen

O N S P

How many valence electrons does a carbon atom have?

4

With carbon having four valance electrons what does this enable it to due?

form covalent bonds, with as many as four different atoms.

Carbon can also bond with other ___ to form complex chains.

Carbons

Small clusters of atoms form _____ groups that can attach to a carbon _______ and impart special chemical properties to the molecule.

functional

backbone

Organic compounds are often _____, which form when ____ bonds connect many repeating ____ subunits.

polymers

covalent

monomer

Monomers join together during what?

dehydration synthesis

What reaction breaks apart polymers?

Hydrolysis

What is the most abundant carbon COMPOUND in living organisms that comprise 2% of CELL MASS and provide ENERGY?

carbohydrates

What type of carbohydrate contain 3 to 7 carbon atoms?

Monosaccharides

What 3 (gfg) six-carbon monosaccharides have the same molecular formula but DIFFERENT structures?

glucose

fructose

galactose

Two other monosaccharides are 5-carbon sugars found in NUCLEIC acid. What are they?

ribose

DEOXYribose

Disaccharides form when two ________ are joined by _____ synthesis.

monosaccharies

dehydration

Glucose+Fructose=

GLUFRU=SU

Sucrose (disaccharide) (sugar in plants)

Glucose+Galactose=

GLUGAL=LA

Lactose (disaccharide) (milk sugar)

Glucose+Glucose=

maltose (disaccharide) (starch)

Long chains of insoluble glucose molecules are known as?

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are useful for what?

storage compounds and structural components.

a polysaccharide used for energy storage in muscle, liver, and uterine cells is known as?

Glycogen

A polysaccharide undigestible by humans is known as?

Cellulose

Storage energy in plants is known as what type of polysaccharide?

Starch

Carbs that are joined to lipids or proteins form what?

Glycolipids

Glycoproteins

This macronutrient is hydrophobic...

Lipids

Because lipids have a higher ration of C and H atoms to O atoms, this causes them to have more of what?

more energy

3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

Triglyceride

A fatty acid contains what acid group on one end?

polar carboxylic

Fats are ____ at room temperature?

Solids=saturated

Oils are ____ at room temperature.

liquids=unsaturated

Phospholipids resemble triglycerides. What is unique about the phospholipid compared to triglycerides?

phosphate group replaces one fatty acid making it hydrophobic on one end and hydrophilic on the other

A complex lipid that contains Four rings of carbon atoms is known as?

Steroid

Cholesterol comes from ___ ___ and is needed by the body to synthesize ___ hormones and other steroids.

animal products

sex

Cholesterol+fat+phospholipid+proteins

Lipoproteins

The two types of lipoproteins are ?

HDL-high protein to lipid

LDL-low protein to lipid

Eicosanoids contain __ carbon atoms and are derived from _____ acid.

20

arachidonic

what is the most diverse carbon compound found in living organisms?

Protein

Protein comprise between __% and __% of cell mass.

10 and 30

hair, nails, and muscle fibers come from what type of proteins?

Structural

transport proteins carry what?

Substances through out the body

Protein hormones serve as ?

chemical messengers

antibodies are a from of ____ that protect an organism against .....? `

protein

disease causing agents

2 AA are linked together by a covalent peptide bond during ___ ___ reaction to form a dipeptide.

dehydration synthesis

A proteins function is influenced by its ___ based on its levels of ___ organization.

shape

structural organization

Structures of a protien:

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

P-genetically determined

S-way polypep chain coils

T-3D shape of polypep

Q-2 or more polypeps hold together

What is usually a globular protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst to speed rate of biochemical reaction?

Enzyme

T/F Enzymes cannot be changed or used up during a reaction.

true

Enzymes cannot force what to occur?

cannot force chemical reaction to occur

Enzymes lower ____ ___ needed to get a reaction started.

activation energy

Enzymes have a unique shape with a special region called its active site.

enzyme+substrate=

REACTION

Enzymes are also known to be ___ specific.

highly

Factors affecting speed of enzyme catalyzed reaction are.....

1. Substrate increase =increases enzyme activity

2. low temp=reduced enzyme activity

3. high temp=reduce activity (denaturation)

4. PH imbalance=reduce

an enzyme inhibitor is a cock block between the enzyme and substrate.

inhibitor does not let the reaction occur

Nucleic acids are ____ of nucleotide monomers.

polymers

Nucleic acids are the _____ biological molecules in the body.

largest

A nucleotide monomer consists of ___-carbon sugar, 1 or more ____ groups, and a __-__ nitrogen base.

5

phosphate

ring-shaped

De-oxy-ribo-nucleic acid is also known as?

DNA

DNA consists of two long chains of _____ organized into a ___ ___?

deoxynucleotides

Double helix

DNA stores what information?

genetic

RNA is known as ____ and consists of a __ chain of ribonucleotides.

ribonucleic

single

RNA ___ genetic information to ribosomes and ____ protein synthesis.

transfers

facilitates

Adenosine triphosphate is known as ?

ATP

ATP ____ and ____ ___ for biochemical reactions.

stores and supplies energy

simple cells that lack a distinct nucleus are ?

prokaryotes

large, complex cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles are known as ?

Eukaryotes