AP Human Geography - Vocab Quiz 1 Unit 2

For Mrs. Yi's class :)

Agricultural Revolution

Significant transformations in farming practices that have dramatically increased agricultural productivity and efficiency.

Agricultural Density

Compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land. Developed countries have low of this because farmers have more resources and technology to produce more of this.

Arithmetic Density

Calculated by dividing a region's population by its total area. Says little about population distribution.

Census

An official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Number of live births per year for each 1000 people.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Number of deaths per year for each 1000 people.

Demographic Transition Model

Shows 5 stages of population growth that countries experience as they modernize

Demography

Scientific study of population characteristics

Dependency Ratio

The comparison between the size of the potential workforce and the dependent populations.

Dependent Population

People under 15 or older than 64 because they are too young/old to work full time and have to rely on the economic workforce.

Doubling Time

The time it takes for a population to double in size.

Ecumene

The habitable areas of the world.

Epidemiologic Transition

Graph showing stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop.

Epidemiology

Study of occurrence and characteristics of illness within a population.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid development of industry. Brought new uses to known energy sources and new machines to improve efficiency.

Infant Mortality Rate

Number of children who die before their first birthday.

Life Expectancy

Average number of years a person can live based on mortality rates.

Malthusian Theory

A theory that society was on a path to starvation. It was made by Thomas Malthus in 1798 and it was found by analyzing natural resource use and growing population.

Midlatitudes

Regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees north and south of the equator

Medical Revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage by which a population grows in a year.

Neo-Malthusians

Those who support the Malthusian theory. Argues that population growth is a serious problem and will lead to the depletion of nonrenewable resources.

Overpopulation

When the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Pandemic

A disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high portion of the population.

Physiological Density

Calculated by dividing the population by the amount of arable land. Large differences between arithmetic density and this indicates that a small percentage of a region's land is capable of growing crops

Population Pyramid

A country's distinctive structure that is displayed as a bar graph. Based on age and gender data.

Potential Workforce

People ages 15-64 expected to be society's labor force.

Redistricting

Process of redrawing electoral district boundaries after the census every 10 years.

Sex Ratio

The proportion of males to females in a population.

Social Stratification

Differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, producion, and prestige.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children who would be born to a woman of that group of a country, assuming every woman lived through her childbearing years.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A state at which a population is maintained at a constant level because the number of deaths is exactly offset by the number of births.

Thomas Malthus

British economist and demographer. Said that the world's population was growing faster than the rate of food production, and as a result, mass starvation will occur.

E.G. Ravenstein

British sociologist. Created a set of laws that describe migration patterns and trends.

Ester Boserup

Geographer who developed the theory that food supply is dependent on humans rather than humans depending on food supply.

Aging Population

An increasing median age in the population of a region due to declining fertility rates and/or life expectancy.

Anti-Natalist Policies

A scheme or law that a government may adopt in order to control their population growth… An example is the famous ‘one child policy’ in China, introduced in 1978-1980.

Arithmetic Growth

Refers to the situation where a population increases by a constant number of persons (or other objects) in each period being analyzed.

Carrying Capacity

Largest number of people that an environment can support.

Demographic Momentum

The tendency for growing populations to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution.

Endemic

(Of a disease or condition) Regularly found among particular people or in a certain area.

Epidemic

A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease within a community at a particular time.

Exponential Growth

Growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of people is added to a population each year. Is compound because fixed growth rate applies to an ever increasing population.

Family Planning Services

Defined as “educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable individuals, including minors to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved.”

Contraception

The deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse.

Matriarchal

Relating to or denoting a form of social organization in which a woman is the head.

Mortality

Death, especially on a large scale.

Patriarchal

Relating to or denoting a form of social organization in which a man is the head.

Pro-natalist policies

In public policy typically seeks to create financial and social incentives for populations to reproduce, such as providing tax incentives that reward having and supporting children.

Cohort

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.

Baby Boomer

Cohort of individuals born in the USA between 1946 and 1964, just after WWII in a time of relative peace and prosperity.

Baby Bust

Period of time during the 1960s and 1970s when the fertility rates in the US dropped as large numbers of women from the Baby Boom generation sought higher levels of education and more competitive jobs, causing them to marry later in life.

Generation X

Term coined by artist and author Douglas Copeland to describe people born in the USA between 1964 and 1980. This post baby boom generation will have to support the baby boom cohort as they head into their retirement years.

Millennials

Also known as Gen Y, are the demographic cohort following Gen X and preceding Gen Z. Researchers and popular media use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid 1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years.

Generation Z

The demographic cohort after Millennials. Demographers and researchers typically use the mid-1990s to early 2000s as starting birth years. There is little consensus regarding ending birth years. Most of this generation have used the internet since a young age and are comfortable with technology and social media.