Chapter 3 HIMA 3000

ankyl/o

crooked, bent, stiff

arthr/o

joint

burs/o

bursa

chondr/i, chondr/o

cartilage

cost/o

rib

crani/o

skull

-desis

to bind, tie together

kyph/o

bent, hump

lord/o

curve, swayback, bent

-lysis

loosening or setting free

myel/o

spinal cord, bone marrow

oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o

bone

scoli/o

curved, bent

spondyl/o

vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone

synovi/o, synov/o

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

acetabulum

The large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint; commonly known as the hip socket.

allogenic

Originating within another.

ankylosing spondylitis

A form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae

arthrodesis

The surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint.

arthrolysis

the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint

arthroscopy

The visual examination of the internal structure of a joint.

autologous

originating within the individual

avascular necrosis

An area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow.

chrondromalacia

abnormal softening of cartilage

comminuted fracture

A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed.

compression fracture

Occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself.

costochondritis

An inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum.

craniostenosis

A malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures.

crepitation

The grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together.

dual x-ray absorptiometry

A low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips that measures bone density.

gout

A type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints.

hallux valgus

An abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe; also known as a bunion.

hermarthrosis

blood within a join

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

An autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or younger, with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue.

kyphosis

An abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side; also known as humpback or dowager's hump.

laminectomy

The surgical removal of a lamina from a vertebra.

lordosis

An abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine; also known as swayback.

lumbago

Pain in the lumbar region of the spine; also known as low back pain.

malleolus

The rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint.

manubrium

The bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum.

metacarpals

the five bones that form the palms of the hand

metatarsals

The bones that form the part of the foot to which the toes are attached.

myeloma

A type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow.

open fracture

A break in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin; also known as a compound fracture.

orthopedic surgeon

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles; also known as an orthopedist.

orthotic

A mechanical appliance such as a leg brace or splint that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function.

osteitis

inflammation of a bone

osteoarthritis

The type of arthritis most commonly associated with aging; also known as wear-and-tear arthritis.

osteochondroma

A benign bony projection covered with cartilage

osteoclasis

The surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity.

osteomalacia

abnormal softening of bones in adults

osteomyelitis

Inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone.

osteopenia

thinner than average bone density

Osteoporosis

A marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity frequently associated with aging.

osteoporotic hip fracture

A broken bone usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall.

osteorrhaphy

Surgical suturing or wiring together of bones.

paget's disease

A disease of unknown origin that is characterized by extensive breakdown of bone tissue followed by abnormal bone formation.

pathologic fracture

When a bone breaks under normal strain because the bone has been weakened by osteoporosis or by a disease process such as cancer.

percutaneous vertebroplasty

A minimally invasive procedure performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures of the spine.

periostitis

inflammation of the periosteum

podiatrist

A specialist in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot.

polymyalgia rheumatica

An inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs.

prothesis

A substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated.

rheumatoid arthritis

A chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked.

rickets

A deficiency disease occurring in children characterized by defective bone growth and caused by a lack of vitamin D.

scoliosis

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

spina bifida

A congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy in which the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it.

spiral fracture

A fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart.

spondylolisthesis

The forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it.

spondylosis

A degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function; also known as spinal osteoarthritis.

subluxation

the partial displacement of a bone from its joint.

synovectomy

The surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint.

vertebrae

The bony structural units of the spinal column.

ossification

process where membranes and cartilage turn into bone

periosteum

tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

compact bone (aka cortical bone)

dense, hard, and strong bone that forms protective outer layer of bones

spongy bone (aka cancellous bone)

porous, lighter and weaker than compact

medullary cavity

central cavity located in the shaft of long bones where it is surrounded by compact bones

endosteum

the tissue that lines the medullary cavity

\-poietic

pertaining to formation

hemat/o

blood

hematopoietic

pertaining to the formation of blood cells

cartilage

smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate at the joints

meniscus

curved, fibrous cartialge found in some joints sucha as the knee and a joint in the jaw

diaphysis

shaft of the lone bone

epiphyses

wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs ( they are covered with articular cartilage)

foramen

opening in a bone in which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass through

process

normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment point for a muscle or tendon

joints aka articulations

places of union between two or more bones

fibrous joints

inflexible layers of dense connective tissue that hold the bones together

fontanelles (aka soft spots)

flexible soft spots that facilitate the passage of the infant through the birth canal. also allow for growth of skull during first years

cartilaginous joints

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage (ribs connecting to sternum)

pubic symphasis

allows some movement to facilitate childbirth

synovial joint

created where two bones articulate

* ball and socket, hinge, condyloid, saddle, gliding,

synovial capsule

outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint

synovial membrane

lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

ligaments

bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone

bursa

fibrous sav that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction

axial skeleton

head, trunk, neck, ribs,