Emily Nguyen Chapter 5 Bones

What are the five major functions of the skeletal system?

Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral storage (Ca and PO), and Production of blood cells

What are the two most protected organs of the body?

Brain and Spinal cord

What are ligaments?

hold bones together

What are tendons?

connect bones to muscles

What does hematopoiesis mean?

creating blood

Which part of the body are most active in producing blood cells in adults?

vertebra, sternum, and rib

What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

Axial is more proximal and the appendicular is more distal to the body

How many bones are in the skull?

29

How many bones are in the vertebral column?

26

How many bones are in the ribcage?

25

How many total bones are in the axial skeleton?

80

How many total bones are there in the appendicular skeleton?

126

How many total bones are in the human skeleton?

206

What are sutures?

non-moveable joints

What are fontanels?

soft spots

What does para- mean?

with

What are the four paranasal sinuses?

frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal

What does the auditory tube (eustachian canal) connect to?

throat

What are the three ossicles?

malleus, incus, and stapes

What two things cause facial growth?

teeth and sinuses

What does congenital mean?

with birth

What is achondroplastic dwarfism?

classic dwarfism

What is cleft lip? 

incomplete fusion of the maxillae 

How frequent is cleft lip?

1/1000 deaths

What is cleft palate?

partial or complete failure of palatine processes of the maxillae to fuse together

How frequent is cleft palate? 

1/2500 deaths

WHat does dactyly mean?

digits

What is spina bifida?

incomplete fusion of the vertebral arches of the vertebrae

What is a club foot? 

sole of foot is turned inward at the ankle

What is congenital hip dislocation?

the hip not large enough to hold head to femur in place

What is ricketts?

decreased calcium content in intercellular matrix of bone tissue

What are the symptoms of ricketts?

softening of bones leading to scoliosis and bowed legs

What causes ricketts?

it is caused in children deficient in vitamin D

What is osteoporosis?

decreased calcium content in intercellular matrix of bone tissue

What are the symptoms of osteoporosis?

brittle bones easily broken

What causes osteoporosis?

in elderly women after menopause

What is acromegaly?

increasing thickening of the bones esp, mandible

What is the name of the disorder that caused from excess growth hormone in children?

Bigantism

How do simple fractures look? 

they are closed fractures

How do compound fractures looked

they are opened fractures

What are incomplete fractures?

that is the ones that don’t break all the way

What are comminuted fractures? 

the type of fracture where the bone breaks in multiple pieces

What are osteomas?

benign tumor of the bones

What is osteosarcoma?

the malignant tumor of the bone

What is the description of a fissure? 

narrow slit between adjacent parts of the bone where blood vessels or nerves pass

What is the description of a foramen?

an opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass

What is a meatus?

tubelike opening

What are paranasal sinuses? 

around the nose

What is a groove or sulcus?

a narrow furrow on the brain (the curves)

What is a fossa?

a shallow depression or groove in a bone or the brain to occupy space

Where is the frontal bone? 

superciliary arches (eyebrows)

What are the supraorbital foramina?

openings for nerves and blood vessels

What is the zygomatic process of the frontal bone?

portion of frontal bone that meets with the zygomatic (cheek) bone

What is the occipital bone?

a bump at the base of the skull

What are the external occipital protuberances?

a bump at the base of the skull

Where can you only find the frontal suture? 

visible only on fetal skulls

What happens at the occipital condyle?

atlas bone meets with he occipital bone (spine+head)

What goes through the foramen magnum?