Midterm Study Set Diagram | Quizlet

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

• Produced and released by: Hypothalamus
• Targets: Anterior Pituitary
• Effect: regulates release of FSH & LH

thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

• Produced and released by: Hypothalamus
• Targets: Anterior Pituitary
• Effect: stimulates release of TSH

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

• Produced and released by: Hypothalamus
• Targets: Anterior Pituitary
• Effect: stimulates release of ACTH

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

• Produced and released by: Hypothalamus
• Targets: Anterior Pituitary
• Effect: regulates release of GH

oxytocin (OT)

• Produced in: Hypothalamus
• Stored in and released from: Posterior Pituitary
• Targets: uterus and mammary glands
• Effect: stimulates uterine contractions and milk release

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

• Produced in: Hypothalamus
• Stored in and released from: Posterior Pituitary
• Targets: Kidneys
• Effect: increases reabsorption of water (decrease urine output)

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

• Produced and released by: Anterior Pituitary
• Targets: Ovaries & Testes
• Effect: stimulates sex hormone release and development of gametes

luteinizing hormone (LH)

• Produced and released by: Anterior Pituitary
• Targets: Ovaries & Testes
• Effect: stimulates sex hormone release and development of gametes

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

• Produced and released by: Anterior Pituitary
• Targets: Thyroid gland
• Effect: promotes T3/T4 (thyroid hormone) secretion from follicular cells

prolactin (PRL)

• Produced and released by: Anterior Pituitary
• Targets: mammary glands and testes
• Effect: promotes milk production and release of testosterone

adrenocoricotropic hormone (ACTH)

• Produced and released by: Anterior Pituitary
• Targets: adrenal cortex
• Effect: stimulates release of cortisol from zona fasciculata

growth hormone (GH)

• Produced and released by: Anterior Pituitary
• Targets: widespread (liver and most cells)
• Effect: promotes growth and stimulates liver to release insulin-like growth factors to further promote growth of cells

testosterone

• Produced and released by: Testes
• Targets: reproductive organs and bone
• Effect: aids in development of sex characteristics and helps maintain bone density

estrogen

• Produced and released by: Ovaries
• Targets: reproductive organs and bone
• Effect: aids in development of sex characteristics and helps maintain bone density

progesterone

• Produced and released by: Ovaries
• Targets: uterus
• Effect: prepare and maintain endometrial lining

thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

• Produced and released by: Thyroid gland
• Targets: all/most cells
• Effect: controls metabolic rates

calcitonin

• Produced and released by: Thyroid
• Targets: Bones
• Effect: regulates blood calcium by depositing excess calcium into the bones; decreases blood calcium levels

epinephrine (EPO)

• Produced in: Adrenal Medulla
• Targets: all/most cells
• Effect: prepares body for heightened level of somatic activity

cortisol

• Produced in: Adrenal Cortex (zona fasciculata)
• Targets: all/most cells
• Effect: triggers release of nutrients (glucose/fatty acids) into the blood

aldosterone

• Produced in: Adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa)
• Targets: kidneys
• Effect: regulates concentration of sodium and potassium ions

androgens

• Produced in; Adrenal Cortex (zona reticularis)
• Targets: male and female sex organs
• Effect: aid in development of sex characteristics

glucagon

• Produced in: Pancreas (alpha islet cells)
• Targets: Liver and adipocytes
• Effect: increases blood glucose levels

insulin

• Produced in: Pancreas (beta islet cells)
• Targets: all over (not required in brain, liver, kidneys and RBCs)
• Effect: decreases blood glucose levels

parathyroid hormone

• Produced in: Parathyroid
• Targets: bones and kidneys
• Effect: increases blood calcium levels

thyroid gland

endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck; produces TH and calcitonin

pituitary gland

gland that can be split into anterior and posteior parts; anterior produces TSH, PRL, GH, FSH, LH, and ACTH; posterior stores and releases OT and ADH

parathyroid glands

any one of four endocrine glands on the posterior side of the thyroid gland that produces and secrete PTH

pancreas

organ involved in regulation of glucose levels in the blood and produces digestive enzymes; produces hormones insulin and glucagon

ovaries (singular: ovary)

glands that produce and release estrogen and progesterone

testes (singular: testis)

glands that produce and release testosterone

hypothalamus

gland that produces releasing and inhibiting hormones; controls release of hormones from pituitary glands

adrenal gland

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys that produce aldosterone, cortisol, androgens, and epinephrine

anterior pituitary gland

A in the image

posterior pituitary gland

B in the image

hormones released from the hypothalamus

CRH, TRH, GnRH, GHRH

hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland

GH, FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL

hormones released from posterior pituitary

ADH and OT

parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

produce and secrete calcitonin

follicular cells of thyroid gland

produce and secrete TH (T3 and T4)

follicle of thyroid gland

chief cells of parathyroid gland

produce and secrete PTH

adrenal cortex

outer section of each adrenal gland; produces cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens; split into 3 zones (zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis)

zona glomerulosa

produces aldosterone

zona fasciculata

produces cortisol

zona reticularis

produces androgens

adrenal medulla

inner section of each adrenal gland; produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

adrenal medulla (histology)

islet cells in pancreas

endocrine cells in the pancreas that control the release of the hormones insulin and glucagon; b in the image

exocrine cells of pancreas

a in the image

thymus gland

lymphoid organ where T cells mature; located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and superior the heart; produces and secretes thymosin

thymosin

• Produced in: thymus gland
• Targets: thymus gland
• Effect: regulates production and specialization of T lymphocytes

hematocrit

The percent of the volume of whole blood that is composed of red blood cells as determined by separation of red blood cells from the plasma usually by centrifugation.

plasma

liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, and vitamins

normal hematocrit range (males)

42-56%; slightly higher than females due to testosterone levels

normal hematocrit range (females)

38-46%

erythrocyte

a mature red blood cell; general function: transport of respiratory gases

basophil

type of leukocyte containing dark blue to purple staining granules with a large nucleus; general function: immune protection

neutrophil

type of leukocyte containing light purple staining granules with a multi-lobed nucleus; general function: immune protection

eosinophil

type of leukocyte containing dark orange to red staining granules; general function: immune protection

monocyte

type of leukocyte with no granules and a bean shaped nucleus; general function: immune protection

lymphocyte

type of leukocyte with no granules and a large circular nucleus; general function: immune protection

leukocyte

white blood cells; include granulocytes (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes)

megakaryocyte

a large bone marrow cell from which platelets are derived

platelet

small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process -- forms plug not the actual clot; derived from megakaryocytes

antigen

a protein or carbohydrate that, when introduced in the blood, can trigger the production of an antibody

antibody

a protein (immunoglobulin) that acts against a specific antigen

blood type A

A antigens of erythrocytes and anti-B antibodies in plasma; IᴬIᴬ or IᴬIᴼ genotype

blood type B

B antigens of erythrocytes and anti-A antibodies in plasma; IᴮIᴮ or IᴮIᴼ genotype

blood type AB

A and B antigens on erythrocytes; NO anti-A and NO anti-B antibodies; IᴬIᴮ genotype

blood type O

no antigens on erythrocytes; anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma; IᴼIᴼ genotype

agglutination

clumping of red blood cells; can occur when incompatible blood types are mixed together due to antibodies binding to antigens

Rh factor

Refers to the presence or absence of the D antigen on red blood cells; someone with this factor/antigen would be considered Rh+

Rh+

express Rh factor (D) antigen on erythrocytes

Rh-

do NOT have Rh factor (D) antigen on erythrocytes; have anti-Rh antibodies

aorta

oxygenated blood flows through here from the heart to the rest of the body

aortic valve

valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta

left atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve

valve between left atrium and left ventricle; prevents backflow of blood

chordae tendineae

thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting, also known as heartstrings

left atrium

chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

left pulmonary artery

carries blood from the right ventricle to the left lung

right pulmonary artery

takes blood from the right ventricle to the right lung

left ventricle

chamber that pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta

myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

pericardium

Membrane surrounding the heart

papillary muscles

muscles located in the ventricles of the heart; attach to the atrioventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid valves) via the chordae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves on ventricular contraction

pulmonary trunk

carries blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries (which then carry the blood to the lungs)

pulmonary valve

valve opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

right pulmonary veins

carry the oxygenated blood from the right lung into the left atrium of the heart

left pulmonary veins

carry the oxygenated blood from the left lung into the left atrium of the heart

right atrium

chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava

right ventricle

chamber that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk (and then pulmonary arteries)

right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle; prevents backflow of blood

interventricular septum

partition between the right and left ventricles

coronary sulcus

groove that marks border between atria and ventricles

anterior interventricular sulcus

groove between the ventricles anteriorly

anterior interventricular artery

supplies blood to the interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles

posterior interventricular sulcus

groove between the ventricles posteriorly

coronary sinus

enlarged vessel on the posterior aspect of the heart that empties blood into the right atrium

endocardium

membrane lining the cavities of the heart

epicardium

visceral pericardium