Civil Air Patrol Spaatz Exam - Aerospace Cumulative Study Guide

Air & Space Power

The ability to take advantage of air and space to move people, cargo, and information.

Emperor Shun

"_________________________ donn[ed] the work clothes of a bird."

Kei Kung

Chinese god of Thunder and Lightning:

Ki-Kung-Shi

This man supposedly built a flying chariot.

Kite

At about 500 BC, the Chinese invented this:

Gunpowder

About 900 AD, the Chinese invented ______________.

Rockets

By 1100, the Chinese were using gunpowder to power simple _____________.

Wan Hoo

A legendary account of ___________________ tells the story of a man who strapped 47 rockets to a chair and attempted to fly to the moon.

Daedulus and Icarus

________________________ built wings from wax and feathers to escape from King Minos of Crete.

Leonardo da Vinci

Great Italian artist, architect, painter, and man of science made the first experiments on the field of aviation. 1452-1519

Ornithopter

An aircraft propelled by flapping wings, designed by Leonardo da Vinci.

Torricelli, Von Guericke, and Pascal

These three men made discoveries in the study of the atmosphere such as the fact that the atmosphere is a fluid, atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude, the invention of the barometer, and the invention of the air pump.

Francesco de Lana

a Jesuit priest who wrote a proposal for an aerial ship, which was, in theory, close to the right idea of hot air balloons. he also discussed the need for ballast, controlled ascent and descent, and military uses for balloons.

Laurenco de Gusmao

A Jesuit priest credited with the invention of the hot air balloon in 1709.

1766

Henry Cavendish discovered a gas, now called hydrogen, that he called "flammable air."

Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier

Two papermakers from Annonay, France who first achieved manned flight.

June 5, 1783

First flight by the Montgolfier brothers' hot air balloon.

November 21, 1783

The Montgolfier brothers' second flight with a sheep, a rooster, and a duck inside the balloon.

Pilatre de Rozier and Marquis d'Arlandes

First men to fly in a lighter-than-air aircraft over Paris, France.

August 27, 1793

JAC Charles used hydrogen to float a hot air balloon.

December 1, 1783

First manned flight in a hydrogen balloon.

76

Between 1783 and 1790, _____ Flights were recorded in France alone.

1793

France formed an air arm to their Army, beginning to use balloons for reconnaissance.

1797, Andre-Jacques Garnerin

The first parachute jump from 3000 feet.

January 7, 1785

Jean Pierre Blanchard and Dr. John Jeffries flew across the English Channel.

November 10, 1798

Jeanne-Genevieve Garnerin, wife of Andre-Jacques Garnerin, became one of the earliest women to fly in a balloon.

October 12, 1799

Jeanne-Genevieve Garnerin became the first woman to parachute from a balloon.

Madeleine Sophie Blanchard

The first woman to be killed in a ballooning accident in 1819.

January 9, 1793

First balloon flight in the United States

Thaddeus S. C. Lowe

Organized Balloon Signal Service of the Union Army.

Dirigible

lighter than air aircraft that can be steered and propelled.

Henri Giffard

1852, he is credited for inventing the first successful dirigible.

The LaFrance

The first airship powered by electric motors, built by Charles Renard and AC Krebs in 1884.

Paul Haenlein

In 1872, he built a dirigible with an internal-combustion engine.

Santos Dumont

The first man to build and fly gasoline-powered dirigibles.

Ferdinand von Zeppelin

July 1900, this man built and flew the world's first rigid dirigible, the LZ-1, with a steel/aluminum framework.

The Deutschland

The LZ-7, the world's first commerical airship on June 22, 1910.

Absolute Charging

Occurs when the whole aircraft is charged.

Acceleration

When a body is subjected to the application of force over time.

Ace

A pilot who shot down five enemy aircraft.

Active Communications Satellite

A satellite, such as the Courier 1B, that received signals from ground stations, amplified them and then rebroadcasted the signals to receiving stations on Earth

Advection

Lateral heat transfer that is important in the global circulation of air.

Advection Fog

Fog formed when wind blows moist air over a cold surface and the surface cools the air to its dew-point temperature.

Aeronaut

Balloonist

Aeronautics

The science and art of flying through the atmosphere.

Aerospace

A compound term used to describe the atmosphere and space as one medium.

Ailerons

Small flaps on the wings of aircraft that help control the plane.

Airfoil

Parts of an airplane, such as wings, tail surfaces, and propellers, designed to cause a dynamic reaction from the air through which it moves.

Airframe Rocket System

Serves to contain the other systems and to provide a streamlined shape

Air Pump

Invented by Torricelli, Von Geuricke, and Pascal to study vacuums

Airspeed Indicator

Informs the pilot of the speed through the air in terms of miles per hour and/or knots

Air Superiority

Complete Command of the Air

Air Traffic Control

Concerned with keeping aircraft safely separated to prevent accidents.

Airways

Three-dimensional highways in the sky and another subdivision of controlled airspace.

Alto

Middle altitude clouds where the stratus and cumulus shapes are found and called altostratus and altocumulus.

Altimeter

Aneroid barometer that reads in feet altitude and is calibrated to atmospheric pressure in inches of mercury.

Angle of Attack

The angle creates by the pilot during takeoff (the angle of the chord line and the oncoming relative wind).

Anorthosite

The most common rock on the moon composed almost entirely of one mineral: feldspar.

Apogee

The point in the orbital trajectory of flight path where the orbiting body is most distant from the body being orbited.

Area Navigation (RNAV)

A computer-controlled navigation system that uses VOR-type radio stations or GPS as reference points, but allows the pilot or navigator to fly directly form the airport of origin to the destination airport without following airways.

Asteroids

Rocky and Metallic objects orbiting the sun but are too small to be considered planets.

Atmosphere

Sometimes called "an ocean of air surrounding the earth" or " a gaseous covering." A gaseous fluid that reacts to any force.

Atomizing

One phase of the combustion process.

Attitude Indicator

gyroscopic instrument that provides an artificial horizon to the pilot.

Aurora Australis

Colored lights, which appear in the Southern Latitudes.

Aurora Borealis

Northern lights. The visible emissions from the polar magnetic storms which produce sporadic radiant emissions form the upper atmosphere over the middle and high latitudes.

Automated Terminal Information Service (ATIS)

A voice recording of a tower controller that tells the pilot about the wind, clouds, visibility, and any other restrictions that the runways may have.

Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)

Another type of radio receiver used to determine direction, but does not provide as much information as the VOR.

Ballast

A heavy substance for controlling ascent.

Ballistics

The study of the arc of a nonorbiting body.

Barnstormers

Ex-military aviators who flew war-surplus aircraft around the country, circling over a village or small town to attract attention and landing nearby to offer rides to individuals and put on exhibitions. They also called themselves "the flying circus."

Barometer

Measures the pressure of the atmosphere.

Basalt

A hard, heavy, dark grey rock with tiny holes from which gas has escaped.

Bernoulli's Principle

"As a fluid's speed increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases." Thus, the pressure on top of an airfoil must be less than the pressure below.

Bipropellant

The oxidizer is stored in one container and the fuel in another.

Black Hole

Probably began as a large star that exhausted its nuclear fuel and collapsed inward on itself resulting in gravity so strong that nothing is allowed to leave it.

Blitzkrieg

Lightning war devised by Germans.

Bombers

Large, long-range aircraft with a mission to reach into the enemy's homeland and destroy the ability to wage war.

Burnout Velocity

The velocity that is required to place a spacecraft on its intended trajectory that is attained when the rocket ceases to produce thrust.

Business Aircraft

78% are single- and piston-engine aircraft and 21% and twin- and piston-engine aircraft

Buzz Bomb

Bomb that produced a unique sound caused by a pulsejet engine mounted in a "stovepipe" above the fuselage.

Cambered

Curved upper surface on a wing to increase lift

Canards

Horizontal surfaces forward of the main wings and are used for trim and control.

Catalyst

A substance which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction, but undergoes no permanent chemical change itself.

Centrifugal Force

A force moving or directed away from the center of rotation, which is a factor that affects the circulation of wind or air.

Chemical Propulsion System

Involves mixing and burning of a chemical fuel and a chemical oxidizer to produce the hot, expanding gases needed to produce thrust.

Chemosphere

An important region due to a number of important photochemical (radiant energy and chemical) reactions which occur.

Chord

An imaginary line which connects the leading edge with the trailing edge of an airfoil.

Circular Orbit

An orbit that maintains a virtually constant altitude above the Earth's surface.

Chromosphere

Above the photosphere, this sphere of color extends to about 15,000 miles.

Cirrus Clouds

Thin, wispy, lacy clouds at high altitudes.

Cislunar Space

The space between the earth and the moon.

Clear Air Turbulence (CAT)

May exist at different places and altitudes but be completely invisible.

Cold Front

When a cold air mass replaces a warmer air mass, the boundary is called a cold front.

Cold Welding

When moving parts fit with only a tiny air space kept between them. In a vacuum, the tiny amount of air which kept them separated escapes and they weld together.

Combustion Chamber

A chamber or cylinder-like assembly in a rocket engine, jet engine, or the like where the propellant is exploded.

Comet

A small, irregularly shaped body whose tiny nucleus is composed of water, ice, rock, and frozen gases.

Compression Wave

A type of shock wave that is formed when the air must move aside as a leading edge passes.

Condensation

To change to a denser form as from a gas to a liquid.

Conduction

Heating by direct contact.