PNS/PAES 419:2015 Agricultural Structures – Warehouse for Bag Type Storage of Grains

aeration

moving of air through stored grains at low airflow rates between 0.05 – 2.28 cubic meter per minute per ton for purposes other than drying, to maintain or improve its quality

bag type storage

storing of paddy, milled rice, corn, and other grains in bags usually made of jute, polyethylene, and other packaging materials.

dunnage

pallet; “tarima”; wooden or plastic (food grade) frames used on concrete floors for stacking bags to prevent direct contact between the grains and the floor

fumigation

process of using chemicals to control insects in grains in a form of fumes

moisture content

amount of water in the grains, expressed as percentage

paddy

rough rice; “palay”; unhulled grain of Oryza sativa, which means, grain with the glumes enclosing the kernel

warehouse

building used for storing paddy, milled rice and other grains in bags.

Block stacking

In this type, six blocks are formed to make standard stack of 9.14m x 6m size. Each block is of the size 6m x 1.5m. In the block, one layer is put lengthwise and other breath-wise.

Chinese method

Bagged grains with 14% moisture content or lower could be piled in this method. Sacks are piled side by side and one on top of the other for appropriate pest control measures

Small scale storage

Bags of grain in each lot should be stacked in basic patterns of cluster formation for easy inventory and quality maintenance/assessment.

Japanese method

Bagged grains with moisture content 14.1% to 15% are to be piled in this method. This system of stacking provides ventilation space between bags and allows circulation of convective air currents that provide a medium for heat dissipation.

Criss-cross stacking

In this type bags are laid in complete length-wise or breath-wise tiers in alternate layers systematically. The first layer will have 11 bags in 9.14m direction with 11 such rows. The second layer of bags would be laid width-wise with 16 bags in 9.14m direction of stack with7 such rows.

Stack height

The height of stacks shall not exceed the height of the walls and a space of at least 1 m shall be allowed between the tops of the stacks and roof frames.

3 m high

Sacks made of woven polypropylene have a tendency to slide on each other, and therefore shall not be stacked more than ——.

6 m

Jute sacks bind together better, and maybe stacked up to ——- above the floor.

7.3m x 21.9m x 4.5m

The size of the piles should conform with fumigating sheets in situations where warehouses cannot be made airtight. Dimensions for maximum piling should be ——-

1m

A minimum of ——- space between the edge of the pile and the wall shall be provided.

7 m and 2.5 m

The recommended height between the eaves line and the floor is ——- between the eaves line and the apex.

14.5m span (or larger)

Internal pillars supporting roof frames shall be avoided because it can interfere with the pest control and other stock management procedures. A standard roof truss of ———- should be used.

6 m wide and 4 m high

The size of the entrance is ——- and ——-- for normal temperature warehouse.

20mm mesh and 10 cm

Ventilation openings such as louvers shall be fitted on the outside with anti-bird grills —— and on the inside ——— behind the grills with insect screens (removable for cleaning), which will deter most insects.

60 cm

An iron sheet used for rodent barrier should have an optimum size but will not obstruct the entrance and will not impede mobility, its height should be little over —— and fixed by a mortise and tenon joint or by hinge.