A&P1: unit 1

levels of structural organization

1) chemical (atoms forming molecules)

2) cellular

3) tissue

4) organ

5) organ system

6) organism

integumentary system

protection, vitamin D synthesis, pain/pressure receptors, sweat glands for heat release

• skin, hair, nails

Skeletal system

protection, supports organs, aids movement of muscles, forms blood cells, stores minerals

• bones, joints, cartilage

muscular system

movement, facial expression, posture, produces heat

• skeletal muscles

Nervous system

response to internal and external stimuli

• brain, spinal cord, sensory receptors, nerves

Endocrine system

glands that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use

• pancreas, testis, ovaries, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands

Cardiovascular system

transports blood that carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, wastes and nutrients to heart or organs

• heart, blood vessels, blood

Lymphatic system

returns leaked fluid from vessels back to blood, removes lymphatic debris

• white blood cells, lymph nodes, thoracic duct, lymphatic vessels

Respiratory system

supplies O2 and removes CO2 

• nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Digestive system

breaks food down to enter blood and eliminates waste

• oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

Urinary system

eliminates nitrogen wastes, regulates water/electrolyte/acid-base balance of blood

Reproductive system

production of offspring and regulating those hormones

• females: mammary glands, uterine tubes, ovaries, uterus, vagina

• males: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, vas deferens, penis, testis, scrotum

Homeostasis

maintaining stable internal conditions given external stimuli

• dynamic - constantly adjusting

• negative feedback - (most common) reversing a change - ex. body temp (too cold leads to shiver to warm up), blood glucose, blood pressure

• positive feedback - increase of change for short time - ex. breast milk production (sucking on nipple increases milk), blood clotting (platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets)

anatomical position

body facing forward, feet flat, palms forward, head faces forward

anterior (ventral)

towards front of body

posterior (dorsal)

towards back of body / spine

superior

closer to head / above

inferior

below / underneath

cranial

towards skull

caudal

towards tail end

proximal

closer to attachment point at trunk

distal

further away from attachment point to trunk

medial

towards midline of body

lateral

away from midline of body

superficial

closer to surface of body

deep

closest to center of body and away from surface

Sagittal / median plane

separates right and left

frontal / coronal plane

separates front and back

transverse plane

separates top and bottom

dorsal (posterior) cavity

contains the cranial and spinal cavities

Cranial cavity

space inside skull

spinal cavity

contains spinal cord

ventral (anterior) cavity

contains thoracic cavity, mediastinum, diaphragm and abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

houses lungs, heart, trachea and esophagus

Mediastinum

space between lungs that houses heart, trachea and esophagus

diaphragm

separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

• abdominal cavity: stomach, liver, intestines

• pelvic cavity: reproductive, bladder, rectum

4 abdominopelvic quadrants

• right upper quadrant

• left upper quadrant

• right lower quadrant

• left lower quadrant

9 abdominopelvic regions

• right hypochondriac

• epigastric 

• left hypochondriac

• right lumbar

• umbillical

• left lumbar

• right iliac (inguinal)

• hypogastric

• left iliac (inguinal)

right hypochondriac region

upper right of 9 regions that houses liver, gallbladder

epigastric region

upper middle of 9 regions that houses stomach

left hypochondriac region

left upper of 9 regions that houses pancreas

right lumbar region

right median of 9 regions that houses ascending colon

umbilical region

center of 9 regions that houses small intestines

left lumbar region

left median of 9 regions that houses descending colon

right iliac (inguinal) region

right lower of 9 regions that houses cecum and appendix

hypogastric region

lower middle of 9 regions that houses bladder

left iliac (inguinal) region

left lower of 9 regions that houses sigmoid colon

serous membranes

fluid filled sac that protects organs with the internal visceral layer and external parietal layer

• internal visceral layer

• serous fluid in sac cavity

• external parietal layer

pericardium

serous membrane around the heart

pleura

serous membrane lining the lungs

peritonium

serous membrane surrounding the abdominal region

cranial area

head region

frontal area

forehead region

orbital area

eye region

nasal area

nose region

Buccal area

cheek region

otic area

ear region

oral area

mouth region

mental area

chin/jaw region

occipital area

lower back of head

cervical area

entire neck region front and back

acromial area

shoulder region

scapular area

back shoulder blade area

sternal area

center of front chest area

thoracic area

each pec area on chest

axillary area

armpit region

mammary area

nipple region

Brachial area

biceps region

antecubital area

inner elbow region

vertebral area

spinal region on back

abdominal area

torso region

umbilical area

belly button region

antebrachial area

forearm region

carpal area

wrist region

manual area

back of hand region

palmar area

palm region

digital area

finger region

pelvic area

under umbilical region above groin

inguinal area

above genital region

pubic area

genital region

lumbar area

sides of lower back region

gluteal area

buttock regions

femoral area

thigh region

patellar area

kneecap region

popliteal area

back of knee region

olecranal area

back of elbow region

crural area

front of lower leg region

sural area

back of lower leg / calf region

tarsal area

ankle region

pedal area

entire foot region

calcaneal area

heel of foot region

plantar area

sole of feet region

cephalic region

entire back of head called?