AMSCO APUSH Unit 4

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court decision where the Cherokee were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty; Jackson ignored it

Democrats

Political party led by Jackson that emphasized the "Common Man," and was pro states' rights; against the Bank of the US

Strict Interpretation

The idea that the government should obey the Constitution as it is literally written

Loose Interpretation

A way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take actions that the Constitution doesn't forbid it from taking

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

implied powers

Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams; decided several land mark cases

Marbury v. Madison

This case established the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Fletcher v. Peck

Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Supreme Court ruling that states could not interfere with private contracts

Gibbons v. Ogden

Supreme Court ruling that stated that regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government

Tariff of 1816

Helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Economic Nationalism

emphasis on home control of the economy

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Tallmadge Amendment

Sought to forbid the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and mandated that all children of slave parents born in the state after its admission should be free at the age of 25; failed to pass the Senate.

Missouri Compromise

An agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories; Added Missouri to the Union as a slave state, and Maine as a free state

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largely viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Embargo Act

An 1807 law that prohibited American merchants from trading with other countries

Nonintercourse Act

An 1809 law that allowed Americans to carry on trade with all nations except Britain and France

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

1817 agreement that limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes

Monroe Doctrine

An American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Erie Canal

built in 1825, and connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River

Lowell System

Dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills

Market Revolution

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)

Commonwealth v. Hunt

A landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

rotation in office

Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government

Indian Removal Act

An 1830 a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

pet banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States

Specie Circular

Issued by President Jackson and was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law passed by the United States Congress.

Whigs

Political Party led by Henry Clay; favored the Bank of the US and the American System; opposed "King Andrew"

Shakers

Utopian group led by Mother Ann Lee that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy

New Harmony

Communal society of around one thousand members, established in Indiana by Robert Owen. The community attracted a hodgepodge of individuals, from scholars to crooks, and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just two years.

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

Transcendentalists

Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Charles Finney

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. In 1843, his announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and led to an uprising against them in 1844

Brigham Young

Leader of Mormons moved them to Utah so they could practice their religion without outside interference (1843)

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

Asylum Movement

Reformers proposed setting up new public institutions such as state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses; hope was that the inmates of these institutions would be cured of their antisocial behavior by being treated to a disciplined pattern of life in some rural setting

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S.

Horace Mann

"Father of the public school system," and a proponent of public school reform; set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Seneca Falls Convention

The first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written (1848)

Abolition Movement

the campaign against slavery and the slave trade

Cult of Domesticity

The ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

Denmark Vesey

Freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.