Biology and Scientific Processes

Biology

Study of living organisms, and it seeks to understand and answer questions about living organisms.

Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells, and all cells come from other pre-existing cells.

Who proposed the Cell Theory

Hypothesis by Pasteur

Cells

Smallest unit that’s membrane bounded, and most chemical reactions occur

Chromosome of inheritance theory

Hereditary information is enclosed in genes or segments of DNA, which make up chromosomes

cell → chromosomes → DNA

How is DNA decoded and lead through function in organisms

Central Dogma

Dna codes RNA codes Proteins

Everything requires energy, what are the two main types of energy used?

Chemical Energy (ATP) or by obtaining it through food/sun

Theory of evolution and natural selection

All species are related by common ancestors

characteristics change over generations via natural selection

Natural selection

Variation in inheritable traits that fit the environment best, which increases an organism’s fitness

Random Mutation

either selected against fitness OR selected for pressure from environment to maintain fitness

Fitness

Best rates for survival and reproduction

Who proposed the Theory of Evolution

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Hence

Theory of Evolution

-Evolution is the change in allele frequencies of a population over generations (gene→ mutation→ new gene)

How does Evolution occur?

through mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection,

The tree of life

Phylogeny= Genealogical relationship between all organisms

Phylogeny

Originally made by Carl Linnaeus with 2-part names (genus species)

Originally started with morphology (looks) then when to genetics

3 domains of life → Carl Woese 

Life= Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya