HDFS 1070

What is self-concept development?

The process through which individuals form an understanding of themselves, including their characteristics, beliefs, and identities.

How does self-esteem differ from self-concept?

Self-esteem refers to global evaluations of the self, while self-concept consists of domain-specific evaluations.

What is a potential negative outcome of low self-esteem?

Low self-esteem has been implicated in obesity, anxiety, depression, suicide, drug use, and delinquency.

What does Piaget's theory suggest about early self-concept?

Early self-concept is concrete and observable, focusing on specific skills or attributes without distinguishing between the real self and the ideal self.

In the self-concept development, what occurs during the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?

Children become interested in how things are made and how they work; encouragement increases industry, while viewing efforts as mischief can cause inferiority.

What is self-efficacy?

Self-efficacy is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

What are the two types of morality identified by Piaget?

Heteronomous morality, where rules are absolute (ages 4-7), and autonomous morality, where children consider intentions and understand that rules can change (ages 8-10 and older).

What are the three levels of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg?

Preconventional reasoning (external rewards and punishment), conventional reasoning (social roles and expectations), and postconventional reasoning (internalized moral principles).

What role do peer interactions play in moral development?

Peer interactions are critical in moral development as they involve give-and-take and help children navigate moral questions.

How do friendships contribute to social development?

Friendships are characterized by mutual liking, positive engagement, equitable behavior, and effective conflict management.

What is meant by 'cliquest'?

Cliques are small groups of friends (usually 5-6) who share similar interests and activities, often formed through mutual friendships.

What defines 'popularity' in a social context?

Popularity is characterized by likeability, acceptance, status, social standing, and often includes admiration and accomplishments.

What are the developmental trends in peer relationships from infancy to adolescence?

Infants show little interest in peers, toddlers engage in parallel play, preschoolers increase social play, school-age children show selectivity, and adolescents form mixed-sex groups and deep friendships.

What is the definition of child maltreatment as per CAPTA?

Any recent act or failure to act by a parent or caretaker resulting in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation, or presenting an imminent risk of serious harm.

What are the two main types of neglect defined in child maltreatment?

Acts of omission and acts of commission.

What percentage of child victims in the U.S. in 2019 were classified as neglected only?

84.5%.

Who are the primary perpetrators of childhood maltreatment in the U.S. as of 2021?

One or both parents, with 90.6% being the total.

What is psychological/emotional abuse?

Abuse that includes social isolation, unreasonable demands, ridicule, humiliation, intimidation, and denying emotional responsiveness.

What are common risk factors for child maltreatment?

Adult psychological disturbance, family issues, child factors like medical conditions, and environmental factors such as substance abuse and financial problems.

What is corporal punishment?

Any form of physical punishment used to discipline a child.

What predicts whether parents will use corporal punishment?

Spanking attitudes, past physical punishment experiences, cultural background, and parental stress levels.

What are alternatives to corporal punishment?

Time-out, reasoning, removing privileges, natural consequences, and recognizing positive behavior.

What does the authoritative parenting style focus on?

High responsiveness and high demandingness in parenting.

What is the impact of childcare quality on child development?

Childcare quality is linked to cognitive, language, and social development.

What has changed in family composition from 1975 to 2016?

The share of families with children less than 18 years old has shifted with more families where both parents work.

What percentage of mothers worked with children under 3 years old in 2015?

54.9% of mothers worked with children under the age of 3 in 2015.

How does the pandemic affect mothers in the workforce?

The pandemic has led to expansions in paid leave and childcare subsidies, and many mothers are working more, especially with younger children.

What are the features of high-quality childcare?

High-quality childcare features include a safe environment, age-appropriate toys, a low caregiver-child ratio, and a language-rich environment.

What are the Piagetian stages of cognitive development?

The stages include Sensorimotor (0-2 years), Preoperational (1.5/2 - 5/7 years), Concrete Operations (7-12 years), and Formal Operations (12+ years).

What is Vygotsky's theory in cognitive development?

Vygotsky emphasized social interaction and cultural tools, including concepts like the zone of proximal development and scaffolding.

What are the advantages of IQ tests?

IQ tests are standardized, help identify extremes, and can predict academic performance.

What is cultural bias in intelligence testing?

Cultural bias refers to how intelligence is measured differently across cultures, affecting the fairness of standardized tests.

What is Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

Gardner's theory posits that intelligence is not a single entity but a combination of several independent abilities.

What is the definition of attachment in the context of child development?

A positive bond between a child and a caregiver that balances the needs for safety and exploration.

Who conducted famous research on attachment using baby rhesus monkeys?

Harry Harlow.

What are the two primary needs that attachment helps balance in children?

Safety (proximity seeking) and exploration.

What does the 'Strange Situation' measure?

It measures attachment by analyzing a child's reaction to a caregiver's absence and reunion.

What are the main patterns of attachment identified by Mary Ainsworth?

Secure, Insecure-Avoidant, Insecure-Resistant/Ambivalent, and Insecure-Disorganized.

What is a significant implication of Mary Ainsworth's advice to mothers regarding affection?

She advises mothers not to miss opportunities to show affection to their babies.

What factors influence childrearing practices according to the notes?

Parents' characteristics, values, view of infants, marriage, and culture.

What are some effects of pandemic-related changes on mothers in the workforce?

Expansion of paid leave and childcare subsidies, tighter labor market, inflation, and more remote work options.

What are the main features of high-quality childcare?

Safe environment, age-appropriate toys, low caregiver-child ratio, language-rich environment, positive caregiver-child relationships.

What are some limitations of Piaget's theory on cognitive development?

Underestimating abilities, domain specificity, individual differences, and cross-cultural differences.

What is the primary limitation in the measurement of attachment through the Strange Situation?

It may be less valid under certain conditions, such as daycare and cultural differences.

What are the Piagetian stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operations, and Formal Operations.

During which Piagetian stage do children develop the idea of object permanence?

Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years).

What cognitive limitations are present during the Preoperational stage?

Centration, egocentrism, and irreversibility.

What is one characteristic of the Formal Operations stage in Piaget's theory?

The ability to perform abstract and hypothetical reasoning.

What are emotions typically experienced as?

Conscious mental reactions experienced as strong feelings, usually directed toward a specific object and accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes.

What are the two dimensions of emotions identified in the lecture?

Valence (positive or negative) and arousal (high or low).

What function do emotions serve in our lives?

Emotions motivate action or inaction, are adaptive for survival, signal importance, are critical to learning and memory, and help communicate with others.

What is emotion regulation?

The ability to exert control over one’s own emotional state, which involves attention, planning, cognitive, and language development.

How does caregivers influence emotional development?

Caregivers affect emotional development through their responses to a child's needs, such as when a baby cries.

What are the three categories of temperament according to Thomas & Chess?

Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.

What is the concept of 'goodness of fit'?

The match between a child and their environment, including parenting styles and the temperament of the child.

What does attachment refer to in early development?

The positive bond between a child and a caregiver, balancing the need for safety and exploration.

What method did Mary Ainsworth develop to measure attachment?

The Strange Situation, which analyzes a child's reaction to a caregiver's absence and reunion.

What are the patterns of attachment identified in the Strange Situation?

Secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant/ambivalent, and insecure-disorganized.