Constitutional Amendments IX-XIV: Privacy, Rights of States, and Equal Protection

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the Ninth through Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution, focusing on privacy rights, state powers, and equal protection under the law.

Ninth Amendment

Protects unenumerated rights not specifically listed in the Constitution, suggesting rights retained by the people.

Right of Privacy

A right implied in the Constitution that protects personal privacy from government intrusion, as established in Griswold v. Connecticut.

Tenth Amendment

Reserves powers not delegated to the federal government to the states and the people.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Landmark Supreme Court case that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Established the doctrine of 'separate but equal,' allowing state-sponsored segregation.

De Jure Segregation

Legally enforced separation of groups, particularly in schools, as opposed to de facto segregation which occurs through social or economic factors.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Eleventh Amendment

Limits the ability of individuals to sue states in federal court.

Constitutionality of Racial Discrimination Laws

The Supreme Court ruled federal laws prohibiting racial discrimination in public accommodations unconstitutional in 1883, limiting federal authority.

Equal Protection Clause

Part of the Fourteenth Amendment that requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons.