ANS After M2 Material

What is part of poultry?

chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese

How many head of chicken are there in the US?

9.8 billion head of chicken

How much money do chickens bring in annually?

$45 billion

What percent of chicken meat production does the US contribute?

21%

What percent of chicken meat production does China contribute?

15%

What percent of chicken meat production does Brazil produce?

14%

How many eggs does the US produce a year?

108 billion eggs

How many lbs of chicken meat does the US produce a year?

1 billion pounds of chicken meat

How many eggs (on average) does one consumer consume per year in the US?

294 eggs per consumer per year

How many lbs of chicken meat does one consumer consume a year in the US?

100 lbs per consumer per year

How many head of turkeys are there in the US?

200 million turkeys

What percent of the world meat supply of turkey does the US produce?

48% of the world’s supply

Who is the second biggest turkey producer in the world?

Brazil

Who is the third biggest turkey producer in the world?

Germany

How many lbs per year of turkey does the US produce?

6.5 billion lbs of turkey per year

How much turkey does the average consumer consume per year in the US?

14.8 lbs of turkey per consumer per year

How many head of ducks are there in the US?

22.5 million head of ducks

Who is the top producer of ducks?

China, who produces 85% of the world’s supply

Who is the second largest producer of ducks in the world?

Vietnam

Who is the third largest producer of ducks in the world?

France

What percent of the world supply of ducks does the US contribute?

less than 2%, 11th in production, 6th in export

How many duck eggs does the average consumer in the US consumer per year?

0.05 eggs per consumer per year

Where are chickens native to?

Southeast Asia

When and where were chickens domesticated?

about 1650-1250 BCE in Central Thailand, 3500 years ago

Who is the chicken’s ancestor?

The Red Jungle Fowl

Where did breeds who became layers and broilers produced today come from?

Breeds of 1700 and 1800s of the Americas and Europe

What species of poultry was “domesticated twice”?

turkeys

When and where were turkeys domesticated?

Mesoamerica less than 2000 years ago and American Southwest as early as 200 BCE

Who are turkeys’ ancestors?

Descended from birds originating from Mexican species, which is the more recent domestication

When and where were ducks domesticated?

possibly during the Yangshao culture (northern China) sometime in Neolithic age (4000 and 10000 years ago)

Who are ducks’ ancestors"?

thought to be wild Mallards which are used as exotic meat with the feathers frequently used as pens and downs

Are birds mammals?

no

Chicken Class

Aves

Chicken Order

Galliformes

Chicken Family

Phasianidae

Chicken Genus

Gallus

Chicken Species

gallus

Chicken number of chromosomes

78 chromosomes

Turkey Class

Aves

Turkey Order

Galliformes

Turkey Family

Phasianidae

Turkey Genus

Melagris

Turkey Species

gallopavo

Chicken subspecies

domesticus

Turkey number of chromosomes

82 choromosomes

Duck Class

Aves

Duck Order

Anseriformes

Duck Family

Anatide

Duck Genus

Anas

Duck Species

platyrhynchos

Duck number of choromosomes

80

What type of digestive system do chickens have?

monogastric

What dies do chickens have?

omnivorous

What is the dental formula for chickens?

0/0

What do chickens have two of in their digestive tract?

cecums, which are called caeca

When do the kidneys link into the digestive tract of a chicken?

right before the cloaca

What pH does the gizzard have?

4

What is the gizzard?

a strong muscular organ, first time a bird chews food, small rocks called grit help grind up food here

What is the procentrivulus

the “true” stomach, where chemical digestion happens, it is acidic

What happens in the crop?

food softens from saliva

What is an intact male chicken less than 1 year old called?

cockerel

What is an adult intact male chicken greater than one year of age called?

cock

What is a castrated male chicken called?

capon

Why would one utilize a capon?

their meat becomes more tender, fattier, and it allegedly tastes different, a longer grow out is required

What age does a male chicken reach puberty?

4-6 months

What is the art of mating for chickens?

The male jumps onto the female; then they have a “cloaca” kiss

What is a young chicken less than 12 weeks called?

chick

What is a female less than one year of age called?

pullet

What is a female greater than one year of age called?

hen

What is a flock?

a group of chickens

What gender dictates the gender of offspring in chickens?

females

What does “point of lay” mean?

age of puberty in chickens

How old are female chickens at puberty?

4-5 months

How old are female chickens at puberty?

7-8 months

What is a chicken’s estrous cycle like?

seasonally polyestrous, long day layers

What type of uterus do chickens have?

they only have one fully developed left ovary and oviduct; a single uterine horn developed

What is a clutch?

amount of eggs layed at one time

For chickens, what sex is larger?

females

Why have chickens adapted to only have one ovary?

to be lighter for flight

List the order of the chicken’s uterine sections.

infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus/shell gland, vagina, cloaca, vent

What do female chickens have but will never fully develop?

their right ovary

What is the purpose of infundibulum?

thin; start of oviduct; where egg fertilization occurs

What is the purpose of the isthmus?

the inner and outer membranes are laid down here

What is the purpose of the uterus/shell gland?

adds shell by using calcium

What is the purpose of the vagina?

it makes sure the egg is in the correct position; it makes the egg come out with the wider part first

What is the purpose of the magnum?

it’s the largest section in the oviduct; adds albumin layer in egg; packs proteins and antibodies into albumin

How long is the yolk in the infundibulum?

15 mins

How long is the yolk in the magnum?

3 hrs

How long is the yolk in the isthmus?

75 mins

How long is the yolk in the uterus/shell gland?

21 hrs

How long is the yolk in the vagina?

10 mins

What type of placenta do chickens have?

none; they are oviparous

How long is chicken incubation?

21 days

How long is turkey incubation?

28 days

What does it mean when people say chicks are “altricial”?

they don’t need mom; don’t need a special diet; eat whatever they see others eating

What is vertical integration?

a company structure in which it controls many aspects of the production proccess

How many companies in the poultry industry utilize vertical integration?

about 10

What are the pros of vertical integration?

marketing and interaction with customers which reduces cost to smaller farmers

Cons of vertical integration?

cost, if one bird contracts a disease, all the rest in the flock must be culled

What is a spent hen?

Hens over 1 year of age that no longer produce eggs or don’t produce them as high quality anymore