ANTH1L final- human evolution

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 2 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/27

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

28 Terms

1
New cards

Relative dating

  • Comparison/in relation to one another, not exact date

  • Principle of superposition:

    • Oldest on the bottom, newest on the top

  • Fluorine dating:

    • Two fossils; the one with more fluorine is more likely older

2
New cards

Absolute dating (Chronometric)

  • “Exact” age

  • Radio-carbon dating: C14 → N14

    • 5,730 yrs for half the Carbon14 to turn into Nitrogen14

    • half-life: the amount of time it takes for the parent to turn into the daughter

  • Radio-potassium dating: K → Ar

    • Volcanic material

    • 1.3 billion years = one half-life

3
New cards

What epoch are we currently living in?

Holocene (10k ya)

4
New cards

What epoch were the first primates thought to appear?

Paleocene, 60mya

5
New cards

Did dinosaurs coexist with any primates in the Mesozoic era?

No

6
New cards

The first hominids were found toward the end of the Miocene; when was that?

5.3 mya

7
New cards

What time span does the Cenozoic era include?

66mya — present

8
New cards

Characteristics of the genus Australopithecus

  • Small brain

  • Ape-like head

  • Rather human-like body

  • Small canines and larger premolars/molars (called megadontia)

    • 3 groups:

      • gracile— smaller, “lighter” than robust species

      • primitive (same as gracile)

      • robust— cresting, huge molars, large zygomatics, large mandibles with tall ramus

    • legs:

      • angled femoral neck

      • shorter than our legs

    • feet:

      • convergent big toe

      • double arches

    • pelvis:

      • small

      • somewhat rounded iliac blade shape

9
New cards

Sahelanthropus tchadensis (S. tchadensis)

  • Chad, Africa

  • 320cc brain size

  • 6-7mya

  • considered hominid because of anterior foramen magnum

<ul><li><p>Chad, Africa</p></li><li><p>320cc brain size</p></li><li><p>6-7mya</p></li><li><p><strong>considered hominid because of <u>anterior foramen magnum</u></strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
10
New cards

Ardipithecus ramidus— “Ardi”

  • Ethiopia

  • 380cc brain size

  • 4.4mya

    • skull:

      • no cresting

      • anterior foramen magnum

      • flaring zygomatics

    • lower body:

      • divergent big toe

      • curved phalanges

      • angled femur

      • short & wide iliac blade shape

<ul><li><p>Ethiopia</p></li><li><p>380cc brain size</p></li><li><p>4.4mya</p><ul><li><p>skull:</p><ul><li><p>no cresting</p></li><li><p>anterior foramen magnum</p></li><li><p>flaring zygomatics</p></li></ul></li><li><p>lower body:</p><ul><li><p>divergent big toe</p></li><li><p>curved phalanges</p></li><li><p>angled femur</p></li><li><p>short &amp; wide iliac blade shape</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
11
New cards

Paranthropus aethiopicus

  • Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania in east Africa

  • 2.5 mya

  • Brain size 410 cc

12
New cards

Au. afarensis— “Lucy”

  • primitive (gracile) Australopithecus

  • 2.9 - 3.9 mya

  • Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania

  • Brain size:

    • 433—550 cc

<ul><li><p>primitive (gracile) <em>Australopithecus</em></p></li><li><p>2.9 - 3.9 mya</p></li><li><p>Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania</p></li><li><p>Brain size:</p><ul><li><p>433—550 cc</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
13
New cards
<p><strong>ROBUST </strong><em>Australopiths</em></p>

ROBUST Australopiths

  • Cresting

  • Large molars

  • Large zygomatics

  • Large mandibles with tall ramus

    • Paranthropus aethiopicus

    • P. boisei

    • P. robustus

14
New cards
<p><span><em>Homo habilis/rudolfensis</em></span></p>

Homo habilis/rudolfensis

  • short legs, long arms

  • finger bones suggest a precision grip

  • H. habilis:

    • Found in Tanzania

    • Cranial capacity: 600-700 cc

    • Time existed: 2.4–1.4 mya

  • H. rudolfensis:

    • Found in Kenya

    • Cranial capacity: up to 775 cc

    • Time existed: 1.9–1.8 mya

    • generally larger skull/teeth than habilis

  • Oldowan Tools

<ul><li><p>short legs, long arms</p></li><li><p>finger bones suggest a precision grip</p></li><li><p><span><em>H. habilis:</em></span></p><ul><li><p><span>Found in Tanzania</span></p></li><li><p><span>Cranial capacity: 600-700 cc</span></p></li><li><p><span>Time existed: 2.4–1.4 mya</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span><em>H. rudolfensis:</em></span></p><ul><li><p><span>Found in Kenya</span></p></li><li><p><span>Cranial capacity: up to 775 cc</span></p></li><li><p><span>Time existed: 1.9–1.8 mya</span></p></li><li><p><span>generally larger skull/teeth than <em>habilis</em></span></p></li></ul></li><li><p>Oldowan Tools</p></li></ul><p></p>
15
New cards
<p><span><em>Homo erectus</em></span></p>

Homo erectus

  • Homo erectus (“Peking Man”)

    • 850–1150cc brain size

    • Found in Asia

    • 1.6 mya—40k ya

  • Homo ergaster (“Turkana Boy”)

    • 850–1250 cc brain size

    • Found in Kenya

    • 1.9 mya — to maybe 400k ya

  • Homo georgicus

    • 600 cc brain size

    • Found in Republic of Georgia (Dmanisi)

    • 1.7 mya

16
New cards
<p><span><em>Homo heidelbergensis</em></span></p>

Homo heidelbergensis

  • 800,000 - 200,000 ya

  • Europe, Africa, possibly Asia

  • Compared to H. erectus:

    • Skull is higher and more well-rounded

    • Brow ridges still large

    • Less prognathic lower face

  • Cranial capacity: average of 1206 cc

  • More diverse than H. erectus

    • Varied tools (Acheulian)

    • Primitive shelters

    • More efficient hunting techniques

<ul><li><p><span>800,000 - 200,000 ya</span></p></li><li><p><span>Europe, Africa, possibly Asia</span></p></li><li><p><span>Compared to <em>H. erectus</em>:</span></p><ul><li><p><span>Skull is higher and more well-rounded</span></p></li><li><p><span>Brow ridges still large</span></p></li><li><p><span>Less prognathic lower face</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span>Cranial capacity: average of 1206 cc</span></p></li><li><p><span>More diverse than <em>H. erectus</em></span></p><ul><li><p><span>Varied tools (Acheulian)</span></p></li><li><p><span>Primitive shelters</span></p></li><li><p><span>More efficient hunting techniques</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
17
New cards
<p><em>Homo neanderthalensis</em></p>

Homo neanderthalensis

  • Germany, might have extended into Central Asia and Siberia

  • 400-28k ya

  • More complex stone tools (Mousterian)

  • 1520 cc cranial capacity

  • Shorter and bulkier than modern humans, more adapted to cold climates:

    • shorter limbs, barrel-like large ribcages, large skulls & noses

  • Some modern humans have Neanderthal DNA in their genome

    • This means that Neanderthals were not a different species than modern humans, interbreeding took place when modern humans left Africa

<ul><li><p><span>Germany, </span>might have extended into Central Asia and Siberia</p></li><li><p><span>400-28k ya</span></p></li><li><p><span>More complex stone tools (Mousterian)</span></p></li><li><p><span>1520 cc cranial capacity</span></p></li><li><p><span>Shorter and bulkier than modern humans, more adapted to cold climates:</span></p><ul><li><p>shorter limbs, barrel-like large ribcages, large skulls &amp; noses</p></li></ul></li><li><p><span>Some modern humans have Neanderthal DNA in their genome</span></p><ul><li><p><span>This means that Neanderthals were not a different species than modern humans, interbreeding took place when modern humans left Africa</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
18
New cards
<p><em>Homo florensiensis</em></p>

Homo florensiensis

  • Found in 2003 on the island of Flores in Indonesia

  • As many as 12 found

  • 94–13kya

  • ~3ft tall

19
New cards
<p>What skull is this?</p>

What skull is this?

Sahelanthropus tchadensis (S. tchadensis)

20
New cards
<p>What skull is this?</p>

What skull is this?

Ardipithecus ramidus (“Ardi”)

21
New cards
<p>What skull is this?</p>

What skull is this?

Homo neanderthalensis (H. neanderthalensis, neanderthal)

22
New cards
<p>What skull is this?</p>

What skull is this?

Homo erectus/ergaster (H. erectus/ergaster, “Turkana Boy”)

23
New cards
<p>What skull is this?</p>

What skull is this?

Homo habilis (H. habilis)

24
New cards
<p>What skull is this?</p>

What skull is this?

Paranthropus boisei (P. boisei)

25
New cards
<p>What skull is this?</p>

What skull is this?

Australopithecus africanus (A. africanus)

26
New cards
<p>What skull is this?</p>

What skull is this?

Australopithecus afarensis (A. afarensis, “Lucy”)

27
New cards
<p>What skull is this?</p>

What skull is this?

Cro-Magnon man (anatomically modern human)

28
New cards
<p>What skull is this?</p>

What skull is this?

Homo florensiensis (H. florensiensis)

<p><em>Homo florensiensis (H. florensiensis)</em></p>