Lecture Note 04

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Internet Abstractions

The concepts and ideas that represent the Internet and its functioning.

Characteristics of the Internet

The unique features and qualities of the Internet and the systems built on it.

Influence of Internet Characteristics

How the characteristics of the Internet impact the systems built on it.

Cybersecurity Concerns

The existing security issues and potential solutions related to the Internet and its systems.

Computing Innovations

How advancements in computing technology affect communication, interaction, and cognition.

Beneficial and Harmful Effects of Computing

The positive and negative impacts of computing on various aspects of life.

Computing and Real-World Contexts

The connections between computing and economic, social, and cultural contexts.

Network Fundamentals

The basic principles and concepts of networking.

Network Software

Software that enables users to exchange information and share resources on a network.

Network Classifications

The different types and scopes of networks, such as Personal Area Network, Local Area Network, Metropolitan Area Network, and Wide Area Network.

Popular Network Topologies

Common configurations or layouts of networks, such as Bus and Star topologies.

Protocols

Rules and standards that govern activities on a network, such as coordinating message transmission between computers.

Protocols for Transmitting Messages

Specific protocols used for transmitting messages, such as CSMA/Collision Detection and CSMA/Collision Avoidance.

Communication over a Bus Network

How communication takes place in a network with a bus topology.

Hidden Terminal Problem

The issue that arises when not all machines in a network can hear each other, leading to potential conflicts.

Combining Networks

Different devices and techniques used to combine or connect multiple networks, such as repeaters, bridges, switches, and routers.

Methods of Process Communication

Different approaches to communication between processes, such as client-server and peer-to-peer.

Distributed Systems

Systems in which processes execute on different computers, such as cluster computing, grid computing, and cloud computing.

The Internet

An overview of the Internet, its original goal, and its current commercial implementation.

Internet Architecture

The structure and organization of the Internet, including Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and different tiers.

Internet Composition

The components and elements that make up the Internet, such as IP addresses, domain names, and the Domain Name System (DNS).

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers (ICANN)

The organization responsible for allocating IP addresses and overseeing domain registration.

Early Internet Applications

Examples of early applications that were developed for the Internet, such as NNTP, FTP, Telnet, SSH, and HTTP.

SMTP

The protocol used for sending email messages over the Internet.

More Recent Applications

Examples of more recent applications that utilize the Internet, such as Voice Over IP (VoIP), Internet Multimedia Streaming, and Content Delivery Networks (CDNs).

World Wide Web

An introduction to the World Wide Web, including the concept of hypertext and the roles of browsers and webservers.

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

The markup language used for creating webpages, including tags for formatting, linking, and inserting images.

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

A language for constructing markup languages similar to HTML, enabling the creation of a Semantic Web.

Client Side Versus Server Side

The distinction between client-side activities (performed by the browser) and server-side activities (performed by the webserver), including examples of each.

Internet Protocols

The protocols that control how messages are transferred over the Internet, including the TCP/IP protocol suite.

Simple Client Server Program

An example of a basic client-server program using Python, Java, or PHP.

Cybersecurity

Different forms of cyber attacks and methods of protection, such as malware, denial of service, spam, firewalls, and encryption.

Cryptography

The use of encryption techniques, including public-key encryption and the role of Certificate Authorities.

Legal Approaches to Network Security

Laws and acts that address network security, such as the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, Electronic Communication Privacy Act, USA PATRIOT Act, Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, and Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act.