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pratique écrite anglaise
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Grammar
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26 Terms
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1
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def lexical and auxiliary v
aux: used w/ lexical to create a sctucture
lex: refere to reality, an action or a state
2
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what are the 2 types of auxiliary v. possible ?
1 - auxiliary: related to identity (do, be, have)
2 - modal: capacité, devoir, possibilité (can, shall, must, may, will…)
3
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order of combination
modal - perfect - progressive - passive - lexical
(‘you may have been being spied on’')
4
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7 utilisations of auxiliary (cases you use it)
progressive, passive voice, perfect aspect, emphasis, negation, question, ellipsis
5
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def aspect
grammatical tool used to express how actions and states expend over time
6
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use of present simple
1 - habits + general truth
2 - narration
3 - future close
4 - future in subordinate clauses (1st future; 2nd present)
5 - description + caption
6 - emotions, wishes, states
7
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use present progressive
1 - action ongoing
2 - intention, attend to do
3 - subjectivity (irritation, order)
8
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difference present simple / progressive
__simple__: generic statement, true anytime (entirety action)
__progressive__: specific statements, true at the moment of utterance (specific stage)
9
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2 uses of preterit
1 - temporal (event no longer real)
2 - modal: hipothesis
10
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uses of simple past
1 - narration
2 - past habits
3 - schedule future in the past
4 - counterfactual facts (if someone do, i would…)
5 - politeness
6 - future in subordinate clauses (they said they’d come as soon as she called)
11
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uses past progressive
equivalent of present
1 - temporal frame for past event
12
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what does the present perfect express + how to translate it
connection btw past and present
translated by present
13
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uses present perfect simple
1 - recent events / present relevance
2 - experience
3 - events still ongoing at the moment of utterance
= result of an action
14
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uses present perfect progressive
1 - recent, repeated event
2 - habitual event still ongoing
3 - events whose trace are still perceptible
4 - nuance of surprise / irritation / reproche
= proceeding of an action
15
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5 types of nouns
1 - count nouns (plurial - singular form)
2 - singular non-count (luggage, waste, advice, evidence)
3 - plurial non-count (pants, math, info, news…)
4 - collective noun (gpe beings (the police, clergy…)
5 - proper name
16
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different types of determiners/articles
1 - possessif + genitif (my, your, his… ‘s)
2 - demonstratifs
3 - quantifiers
17
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uses of genitif
1 - rapport de possession
2 - exprimer “chez”
3 - lier action à celui qui la fait/subit
4 - classifiant (sous-categorie, ex: a comen’s magazine)
18
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quantifier: denombrable/indenombrable
\+underlying sens of “a”
denombrable : few, many (plurial noun)
indenombrable : little, much (singular noun)
a + few/little = +
without “a'“ = -
19
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3 differents fonctions of adj
1 attributive (=épithète)
2 - appositional (=appositif)
3 - predicate (=attribut) subject or object complement
20
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order adj
TAFCOM
taille, age, forme, couleur, origine, matière
= subjective to objective
21
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comparative (=, +, -)
1 - as + adj + as
2 - more + adj(er) + than
3 - less + adj + than (utilise plutôt égalité négative/adj sens opposé)
22
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comparative / superlative particular
good : better, best
bad : worse, worst
far : further, furthest
23
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adj composé + trad:
plus… plus
d’autant plus que
de plus en plus
liste of nouns/adj/number + ed (w/ - b/ each)
trad :
add ‘the’ bf adj
all the more… bc/for/as
more and more
24
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construction passive
sujet + be + pp v. lexical (+ by to introduce agent)
temps = même qu’à la voix active
25
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uses passive voice
1 - si connait pas agent (mec qui fait action)
2 - si pas pertinent de le mentionner
3 - si on veut pas dire qui c’est
4 - hypothèse
5 - traduire certains verbes pronominaux (se + v.)
26
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caracteristic passive w/ get (when get replace be)
\+ subjectif, action accidentelle, résultat (mal)heureux