pratique écrite anglaise

def lexical and auxiliary v

aux: used w/ lexical to create a sctucture

lex: refere to reality, an action or a state

what are the 2 types of auxiliary v. possible ?

1 - auxiliary: related to identity (do, be, have)

2 - modal: capacité, devoir, possibilité (can, shall, must, may, will…)

order of combination

modal - perfect - progressive - passive - lexical

(‘you may have been being spied on’')

7 utilisations of auxiliary (cases you use it)

progressive, passive voice, perfect aspect, emphasis, negation, question, ellipsis

def aspect

grammatical tool used to express how actions and states expend over time

use of present simple

1 - habits + general truth

2 - narration

3 - future close

4 - future in subordinate clauses (1st future; 2nd present)

5 - description + caption

6 - emotions, wishes, states

use present progressive

1 - action ongoing

2 - intention, attend to do

3 - subjectivity (irritation, order)

difference present simple / progressive

__simple__: generic statement, true anytime (entirety action)

__progressive__: specific statements, true at the moment of utterance (specific stage)

2 uses of preterit

1 - temporal (event no longer real)

2 - modal: hipothesis

uses of simple past

1 - narration

2 - past habits

3 - schedule future in the past

4 - counterfactual facts (if someone do, i would…)

5 - politeness

6 - future in subordinate clauses (they said they’d come as soon as she called)

uses past progressive

equivalent of present

1 - temporal frame for past event

what does the present perfect express + how to translate it

connection btw past and present

translated by present

uses present perfect simple

1 - recent events / present relevance

2 - experience

3 - events still ongoing at the moment of utterance

= result of an action

uses present perfect progressive

1 - recent, repeated event

2 - habitual event still ongoing

3 - events whose trace are still perceptible

4 - nuance of surprise / irritation / reproche

= proceeding of an action

5 types of nouns

1 - count nouns (plurial - singular form)

2 - singular non-count (luggage, waste, advice, evidence)

3 - plurial non-count (pants, math, info, news…)

4 - collective noun (gpe beings (the police, clergy…)

5 - proper name

different types of determiners/articles

1 - possessif + genitif (my, your, his… ‘s)

2 - demonstratifs

3 - quantifiers

uses of genitif

1 - rapport de possession

2 - exprimer “chez”

3 - lier action à celui qui la fait/subit

4 - classifiant (sous-categorie, ex: a comen’s magazine)

quantifier: denombrable/indenombrable

\+underlying sens of “a”

denombrable : few, many (plurial noun)

indenombrable : little, much (singular noun)

a + few/little = +

without “a'“ = -

3 differents fonctions of adj

1 attributive (=épithète)

2 - appositional (=appositif)

3 - predicate (=attribut) subject or object complement

order adj

TAFCOM

taille, age, forme, couleur, origine, matière

= subjective to objective

comparative (=, +, -)

1 - as + adj + as

2 - more + adj(er) + than

3 - less + adj + than (utilise plutôt égalité négative/adj sens opposé)

comparative / superlative particular

good : better, best

bad : worse, worst

far : further, furthest

adj composé + trad:

plus… plus

d’autant plus que

de plus en plus

liste of nouns/adj/number + ed (w/ - b/ each)

trad :

add ‘the’ bf adj

all the more… bc/for/as

more and more

construction passive

sujet + be + pp v. lexical (+ by to introduce agent)

temps = même qu’à la voix active

uses passive voice

1 - si connait pas agent (mec qui fait action)

2 - si pas pertinent de le mentionner

3 - si on veut pas dire qui c’est

4 - hypothèse

5 - traduire certains verbes pronominaux (se + v.)

caracteristic passive w/ get (when get replace be)

\+ subjectif, action accidentelle, résultat (mal)heureux