pratique écrite anglaise

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def lexical and auxiliary v

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1

def lexical and auxiliary v

aux: used w/ lexical to create a sctucture

lex: refere to reality, an action or a state

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2

what are the 2 types of auxiliary v. possible ?

1 - auxiliary: related to identity (do, be, have)

2 - modal: capacité, devoir, possibilité (can, shall, must, may, will…)

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3

order of combination

modal - perfect - progressive - passive - lexical

(‘you may have been being spied on’')

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4

7 utilisations of auxiliary (cases you use it)

progressive, passive voice, perfect aspect, emphasis, negation, question, ellipsis

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5

def aspect

grammatical tool used to express how actions and states expend over time

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6

use of present simple

1 - habits + general truth

2 - narration

3 - future close

4 - future in subordinate clauses (1st future; 2nd present)

5 - description + caption

6 - emotions, wishes, states

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7

use present progressive

1 - action ongoing

2 - intention, attend to do

3 - subjectivity (irritation, order)

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8

difference present simple / progressive

simple: generic statement, true anytime (entirety action)

progressive: specific statements, true at the moment of utterance (specific stage)

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9

2 uses of preterit

1 - temporal (event no longer real)

2 - modal: hipothesis

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10

uses of simple past

1 - narration

2 - past habits

3 - schedule future in the past

4 - counterfactual facts (if someone do, i would…)

5 - politeness

6 - future in subordinate clauses (they said they’d come as soon as she called)

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11

uses past progressive

equivalent of present

1 - temporal frame for past event

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12

what does the present perfect express + how to translate it

connection btw past and present

translated by present

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13

uses present perfect simple

1 - recent events / present relevance

2 - experience

3 - events still ongoing at the moment of utterance

= result of an action

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14

uses present perfect progressive

1 - recent, repeated event

2 - habitual event still ongoing

3 - events whose trace are still perceptible

4 - nuance of surprise / irritation / reproche

= proceeding of an action

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15

5 types of nouns

1 - count nouns (plurial - singular form)

2 - singular non-count (luggage, waste, advice, evidence)

3 - plurial non-count (pants, math, info, news…)

4 - collective noun (gpe beings (the police, clergy…)

5 - proper name

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16

different types of determiners/articles

1 - possessif + genitif (my, your, his… ‘s)

2 - demonstratifs

3 - quantifiers

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17

uses of genitif

1 - rapport de possession

2 - exprimer “chez”

3 - lier action à celui qui la fait/subit

4 - classifiant (sous-categorie, ex: a comen’s magazine)

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18

quantifier: denombrable/indenombrable

+underlying sens of “a”

denombrable : few, many (plurial noun)

indenombrable : little, much (singular noun)

a + few/little = +

without “a'“ = -

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19

3 differents fonctions of adj

1 attributive (=épithète)

2 - appositional (=appositif)

3 - predicate (=attribut) subject or object complement

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20

order adj

TAFCOM

taille, age, forme, couleur, origine, matière

= subjective to objective

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21

comparative (=, +, -)

1 - as + adj + as

2 - more + adj(er) + than

3 - less + adj + than (utilise plutôt égalité négative/adj sens opposé)

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22

comparative / superlative particular

good : better, best

bad : worse, worst

far : further, furthest

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23

adj composé + trad:

plus… plus

d’autant plus que

de plus en plus

liste of nouns/adj/number + ed (w/ - b/ each)

trad :

add ‘the’ bf adj

all the more… bc/for/as

more and more

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24

construction passive

sujet + be + pp v. lexical (+ by to introduce agent)

temps = même qu’à la voix active

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25

uses passive voice

1 - si connait pas agent (mec qui fait action)

2 - si pas pertinent de le mentionner

3 - si on veut pas dire qui c’est

4 - hypothèse

5 - traduire certains verbes pronominaux (se + v.)

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26

caracteristic passive w/ get (when get replace be)

+ subjectif, action accidentelle, résultat (mal)heureux

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