Mental and Physical Health Part 2

Abnormal Psychology

Study of unusual patterns of behavior, emotion, and thought; cause, symptoms, and treatments of disorders

Clinical Psychology

Assesses, diagnoses, and treats/prevents disorders

Psychology Student Syndrome

Students studying abnormal behavior may self-diagnose and become convinced that they have a disorder

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR)

Comprehensive manual used by professionals to diagnose and categorize mental disorders in the United States

International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD)

Global standard for reporting and categorizing a disorders and diseases used by professionals to diagnose and track worldwide

Deviation

Significant departure from socially acceptable behaviors and cultural expectations

Distress

Intense and prolonged emotional suffering that impairs the ability to function

Dysfunction

Disruption in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning that significantly impairs an individual's ability to perform normal daily activities

Stigma

Negative stereotypes and social disapproval directed at individuals with mental disorders

Biological Perspective

Disorders are caused by physiological and genetic factors

Behavioral Perspective

Mental disorders arise from maladaptive learned behaviors and functions

Psychodynamic Perspective

Disorders stem from unresolved, unconscious conflicts and impulses originate in childhood

Humanistic Perspective

Disorders arise when innate potential for self-fulfillment and growth is blocked

Cognitive Perspective

Disorders are caused by maladaptive thought patterns

Evolutionary Perspective

Disorders can arise from maladaptive processes that may reduce the chance of survival and reproduction in certain environments

Sociocultural Perspective

Societal and cultural factors can cause mental disorders

Eclectic Approach

Combining techniques and theories from multiple perspectives to tailor treatment to a client's needs

Biopsychosocial Model

Disorders result from biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

Diathesis-Stress Model

Disorders result from predisposing genetic vulnerability and stressful environmental factors

Anxiety Disorders

Excessive fear and anxiety that leads to significant disturbances in behavior

Specific Phobia

Disorder characterized by an intense and irrational fear of specific objects or situations

Acrophobia

The intense fear of heights with irrational/persistent significant anxiety and avoidance

Arachnophobia

The intense fear of spiders and irrational/persistent significant anxiety and avoidance

Agoraphobia

The intense fear of being in situations where you are unable to escape or help is unavailable

Panic Disorder

Recurrent and unexpected panic attacks with physical symptoms and ongoing concern about additional attacks/consequences

Attaque de nervios

Episodes of intense emotional distress, dramatic expressions of emotion, and uncontrollable physical symptoms; primarily in Latin America

Social Anxiety Disorder

Significant and persistent fear of social situations where scrutiny may occur

Taijin Kyofusho

An intense fear of offending/embarrassing others through one's bodily functions and/or appearance; primarily in Japan

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Persistent and excessive worry about various aspects of life with no specific trigger

Obsessive-Compusive Disorder (OCD)

Recurring, unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors/mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform to reduce anxiety

Hoarding Disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding/parting with possessions regardless of value

Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

Psychological distress after exposure to a traumatic/stressful event

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Persistent mental and emotional stress after a traumatic event

Depressive Disorders

Persistent, sad, empty, or irritable mood with physical and cognitive changes that impair functioning

Major Depressive Disorder

Pervasive and persistent low mood with with low esteem and loss of interest/pleasure in normally enjoyed activities

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Chronic, depressed mood for at least 2 years with less severe but longer symptoms then MDD

Bipolar Disorders

Alternating periods of mania and depression with bipolar cycling and shifts between mood states

Bipolar II Disorder

At least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode without a full manic episode

Bipolar I Disorder

At least one full manic episode may be preceded by hypomania

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Symptoms affect behavior, learning, and development

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyper-activity-impulsivity that interfere with the functioning or development

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Persistent challenges in social communication and interaction such as restricted, repetitive behaviors, interests, etc.

Feeding and Eating Disorders

Altered consumption/absorption of food

Anorexia Nervosa

Restricted food intake, intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image

Bulimia Nervosa

Recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors like vomiting or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain

Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms

Schizophrenia

Persistent delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, etc. for at least 6 months

Positive Symptoms

Additional behaviors/experiences that do not present themselves in healthy individuals

Negative Symptoms

Deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functions; affective flattening, avoilition

Delusions

False beliefs strongly held despite clear evidence to the contrary

Hallucinations

False sensory experiences without external stimuli

Disorganized Thinking or Speech

Incoherent/nonsensical speech patterns such as jumping between topics or using words inappropriately

Disorganized Motor Behavior

Abnormal/erratic movements like excessive agitation, bizarre postures, etc.

Flat Affect

Severe reduction in emotional expressiveness; little to no expression, voice tone, or emotional reactions

Dopamine Hypothesis

Disorders are linked to imbalance in dopamine in the brain

Dissociative Disorders

Disruptions/discontinuities in consciousness, memory, identity, and perception that impair daily functioning

Dissociative Amnesia

The inability to recall important personal information after a traumatic event

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states in one body

Personality Disorders

Patterns of internal experience and behavior that deviate from cultural expectations, intrude, are stable over time, and bring distress

Cluster A Personality Disorders

Odd and eccentric behaviors and thinking

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Pervasive distrust and suspicion of others

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and limited range of emotional expression

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Cognitive/perceptual distortions, eccentric behaviors, and severe social anxiety

Cluster B Personality Disorders

Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others; unlawful behaviors and a lack of remorse

Histrionic Personality Disorders

Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior; the need for approval and inappropriate seductiveness

Narcissistic Personality Disorders

Pervasive pattern of grandiosity, a need for admiration and, lack of empathy

Borderline Personality Disorders

Instability in moods, self-image, behavior, and functioning with a fear of abandonment

Cluster C Personality Disorders

Anxious and fearful behaviors

Avoidant Personality Disorders

Pervasive pattern of social inhibition, inadequacy, hypersensitivity to criticism, and avoidance of social interaction

Dependent Personality Disorders

Excessive need to be taken care of; submission and clinginess and the fear of separation

Obsessive-Compusive Personality Disorders

Pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control

Deinstitutionalization

Process of reducing the number of patients in psychiatric hospitals by transitioning them to community-based services

Evidence-Based Intervention

Therapeutic approaches and treatments supported by research and evidence

Therapeutic Alliance

Collaborative and trusting relationship between a client and their therapist; crucial for effective therapy and positive outcomes

Cultural Humility

Ongoing process of self-reflection and learning about other cultures; therapists use to ensure cultural sensitivity and understanding

Nonmaleficence

“Do not harm”; therapists avoid actions/interventions that cause harm to their clients; ethical principle

Fidelity

Maintaining trust, honesty, and commitment in therapeutic relationships; ethical principle

Integrity

Honesty, transparency, and consistency in professional behavior

Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

Honoring inherent worth of all individuals; ensures privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination as well as fairness and respect

Psychodynamic Therapies

Uncovering conflicts and past experiences to understand current behavior

Free Association

Patient speaks freely about thoughts, feelings, and memories as they come to mind; uncover unconscious conflicts

Dream Interpretation

Analyzing content of dreams to uncover unconscious thoughts and feelings

Person-Centered Therapy

Providing a supportive environment where clients achieve self-discovery and growth

Active Listening

Therapist fully concentrates, understands, responds, and remembers what their client said

Unconditional Positive Regard

Complete acceptance of client without conditions

Group Therapy

Therapy with multiple participants led by one or more therapists

Individual Therapy

One on one sessions with a therapist

Cognitive Therapies

Identifying and changing negative behaviors and thinking to improve emotions and encourage cognitive restructuring

Maladaptive Thinking

Negative and irrational thought patterns that cause distress and dysfunction

Cognitive Restructuring

Identifying and challenging negative thought patterns to encourage more positive and realistic thoughts

Cognitive Triad

Negative thought patterns about oneself, the world, and the future

Applied Behavior Analysis

Therapy with principles of learning and conditioning to improve specific behaviors

Exposure Therapy

Technique involves gradually and repeatedly exposing individuals to feared objects/situations in a controlled environment

Systematic Desensitization

Gradually exposing individuals to anxiety-provoking stimuli while teaching them relaxation techniques

Aversion Therapy

This behavioral technique pairs unwanted behaviors with unpleasant stimuli to reduce by negative association

Token Economics

A behavioral therapy system where individuals earned tokens that can be exchanged for rewards for displaying desired behaviors to reinforce positive behavior

Biofeedback

Uses electronic monitoring to provide individuals with information about physiological processes to learn to control these functions

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)

Treatments combined cognitive and behavioral techniques to address thoughts and behaviors

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Identify and changing irrational beliefs and thought patterns to reduce emotional distress