AP Bio Midterm review

Is water polar or nonpolar

polar

hydrogen bonds

-weaker than covalent or ionic bonds

-bonding of hydrogen to oxygen, nitrogen, or flourine

Properties of water

- High heat capacity

-High heat of evaporation

-Solvent

-Cohesion and Adhesion

-Density

Specific heat

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of substance to change its temp by 1 degree C

Solvent

thing doing the dissolving

Solute

thing being dissolved

Cohesion

When water clings to other water molecules due to hydrogen bonding

adhesion

when water clings to other polar surfaces besides water

surface tension

water clings together where the liquid surface is exposed to air

Organic

Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

What are carbons frequent partners

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

What are the functional groups

-Hydroxyl

-Carbonyl

-Carboxyl'

-Amino

-Sulfhydryl

Phosphate

Methyl

Isomer

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

Hydroxyl group structure

-OH

Hydroxyl group compound

alcohols

Hydroxyl group signifcance

-Polar

-Forms hydrogen bonds with water

-Seen in sugars and amino acids

Carboxyl group structure

-COOH

Carboxyl group compound

-Carboxylic acid

-Organic acid

Carboxyl group significances

-Acts as an acid (acidic)

-Seen in amino acids and fatty acids

-Polar

Carbonyl group structure

C=O

Carbonyl group compound

-Ketone form (in the middle)

-Aldehyde (on the outside)

Carbonyl group significance

-Polar

-Present in sugars

Amino group structure

NH2

Amino group compound

amine

Amino group significance

-Polar

-Basic

-Forms hydrogen bonds

-Present in amino acids

Sulfhydryl group structure

-SH

Sulfhydryl group compound

thiol

Sulfhydryl group significance

-Forms disulfide bonds

-Present in some amino acids

Phosphate group structure

-OPO3-

Phosphate group compound

Organic phosphate

Phosphate group significance

-Polar

-Acidic

-Present in nucleotides and phospholipids

-Contributes negative charge

Methyl group strucutre

CH3

Methyl group compound

Methyl moleucles

Methyl group significance

-unreactive

-non-polar

-nucleic acids (gene expression)

What elements build carbohydrates

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What are carbohydrates monomers

monosaccharides

What are carbohydrates polymers

Polysaccharides

What bond holds carbohydrates togethers

Glycosidic bonds

Functions of carbs

-Store energy

-Build cell structures

Polymer

a large molecules consisting of many repeating building blocks

Monomer

repeating units in polymers

Enzymes

Speed up chemical reactions such as those that make or break down polymers

Dehydration synthesis

When two monomers bond together releasing a water molecule

Hydrolysis

-When polymers are broken into monomers

-Reverse of dehydration synthesis

What are monosaccharides classified by

-The location of the carbonyl group

-The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

Storage polysaccharides examples

-Starch

-Glycogen

Structural Polysaccharides examples

-Cellulose

-Chitin

What elements build lipids

-Hydrocarbons

-Oxygen

-Carbon

-Hydrogen

What are lipids monomers

Glycerol and fatty acid chains

What are lipids polymers

phospholipids, triglycerides, waxes, steroids

What bonds hold lipids together

Ester bonds

Lipid functions

-Long term energy storage (adipose tissue in animals)

-Cushion vital organs and insulate the body

Fatty acid

-Consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long hydrocarbon skeleton

-Dehydration synthesis is used to bond a fatty acid to a glycerol

Saturated fats

-fats with single bonds

-Found in animals

-Solid at room temp

Unsaturated fats

-fats with double bonds

-found in plants and fish

-liquid at room temp

Phospholipids

-Has two fatty acid tail and a phosphate group attached to glycerol

-The "tails" are hydrophobic but the phosphate "head" is hydrophilic

Steroids

-Lipids with carbon skeletons made of 4 fused rings

-Ex: cholesterol

Waxes

-Fatty acids are connected to carbon chains with alcohol functional group

-In animals, waxes are involved in skin and fur maitenance

What elements build proteins

-Hydrogen

-carbon

-oxygen

-sulfur

-nitrogen

What are proteins monomers

Amino acids (20 different ones)

What are proteins polymers

Polypeptides

What bonds hold proteins together

Peptide bonds

Protein function

-Enzymes

-Immunity

-Storage

-Transport

-Hormones

-Receptors

-Motors

-Structural

Amino acids

-have 1 amino and 1 carboxyl group

-differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups

-20 different ones

Primary Protein Structure

A sequence of amino acids (determined by DNA) joined by peptide bonds

Secondary Protein Structure

-Hydrogen bonds creates alpha helices (coils) and/or beta pleated sheets (folds) in the polypeptide

Tertiary Protein Structure

-Interaction between different R groups

Quaternary Protein Structure

-Two or more polypeptide chains join

What determines protein structure

Changes in pH, temp, and other environmental factors can cause a protein to unravel (called denaturation)

What happens when a protein looses its shape

Its function will be disrupted

What elements build nucleic acids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus

What are nucleic acids monomers

Nucleotides

What are nucleic acids polymers

DNA and RNA

Nucleotides

Consists of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Nucleoside

Nitrogenous base + sugar

Nucleotide polymers

-A phosphate groups joins the sugars of two nucleotides

-These links create a sugar-phosphate "backbone"

DNA and RNA molecules

-DNA molecules ahve TWO backbones (polynucleotides) spiraling around an imaginary axis, forming a double helix

-The backbones run in opposite 5' -> 3' directions from each other, also known as antiparallel

Two families of nitrogenous bases

Pyrimidines and Purines

Pyrimidines

-One ring

-Cytosine, thymine, and uracil

Purines

-Two rings

-adenine and guanine

Complementary Base Pairs

-Adenine always bonds with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA

-Guanine always bonds with cytosine

Why are hydrogen bonds important in nucleic acids

They hold A and T and C and G together

Mean

average of the data set

Standard Deviation

How your data points differ from the mean

Standard Error

-Measures the precision of your mean

Error Bar significance

-If error bars overlap, the difference is not significant

-If they do not overlap, the difference may not be significant

Waters high heat capacity

-hydrogen bonds help water absorb heat without significant temp change

why does water have a high heat of evaporation

-Hydrogen bonds must be broken before water boils

Evaporative cooling

as a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools

Hydration shell

when an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules

At what temperature is water most dense?

4 degrees Celsius

What happens to the density of water as it freezes?

Solid water is less dense than liquid water so it floats

Ice on top of water act as insulator, allowing life to survive

How does the freezing of water affect the arrangement of its molecules?

As water freezes, molecules of water come closer together, but hydrogen bonds are more open

Why does ice float on water?

Solid water is less dense than liquid water so it floats

How does the freezing of water impact the survival of life under ice?

Water freezes from the top down, so the ice on top acts as an insulator for the liquid water below, allowing life to survive under patches of ice

Why are cells so small

*the cell is a system

*It needs a surface area large enough to allow appropriate levels of nutrients to enter and eliminate wastes

Where does the krebs cycle occur

the matrix in the mitochondria

Identify three pieces of evidence for endosymbiotic theory by identifying three similarities between mitochondria and the ancestral species.

mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble those in living things, specifically bacteria, their genomes are similar to that of bacteria, and chloroplasts resemble cyanobacteria and mitochondria resembles typhus

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes

What types of cells have a cell wall?

Fungi, plants, prokaryotes