UTA Anatomy & Physiology 1 Exam 1

Anatomy

The study of body structures of an organism an their relationship to each other

Gross Anatomy

large body structures visible without the aid of a microscope

Microscopic Anatomy

Small body structures only visible with the aid of a microscope.

Vital Functions of the organ systems

-separation of internal/external environments

- movement

- responsiveness to stimuli

- digestion/absorption

- metabolism

- excretion

- growth

Non vital to individual, but vital to species

reproduction

Homeostasis

dynamic state of equilibrium and focuses on balance.

Survival Needs for homeostasis

nutrients

ions

water

oxygen

normal body temp

appropriate atompsheric pressure

Homeostasis is maintained by

negative feedback (response to decrease or eliminate the stimulus ex. temp - your temp increases, you sweat to release heat, your body temp decreases. As your body temp decreases, the amount of sweat decreases)

positive feedback (stimulus causes a response and enhances the response until it stops. ex. bleeding - damage blood vessel, platelets adhere to damaged site, release chemical to attract more platelets, plates adhere to damaged site and so on.)

Standard Anatomical Position

erect body, feet slightly apart, palms forward, thumbs pointing away from body

Superior

top part of the trunk (cranial)

Inferior

toward the bottom

Cranial vs Caudal

Cranial - toward head

Caudal - toward tail or tailbone

Posterior or Dorsal

back

Anterior or ventral

belly region

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

deep

below the muscle

ex. knife cut into the muscle

superficial

above the muscle

ex. papercut

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

Regional Terms

Anatomical terms that refer to specific visible landmarks on the surface of the body

frontal

forehead

Orbital

eye

occipital

back of head

otic

ear

nasal

nose

buccal

cheek

oral

mouth

Cephalic

head

cervical

neck

thoracic

chest

sternal

breastbone

axillary

armpit

mammary

breast

abdominal (umbilical)

navel

Pelvic

pelvis

Inguinal

groin

Pubic

genital region

Acromial

point of shoulder

Brachial

arm (bicep area)

Antecubital

anterior surface of elbow

Olecranal

elbow (Posterior)

Antebrachial

forearm (both anterior and posterior)

Carpal

wrist

palmar

palm

digital

fingers, toes

femoral

thigh

Patellar

anterior knee

Popliteal

posterior knee area

Crural

leg (shin)

Sural

Calf or posterior surface of the leg

Fibular

lateral part of leg

tarsal

ankle

Calcaneal

heel

plantar

sole of foot

Scapular

shoulder blade

Vertebral

spinal column

Lumbar

lower back

Sacral

Posterior region between the hip bones

Gluteal

buttock

perineal

posterior region between the anus and external genitalia

Median (midsaggital) plane

vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves

Parasagittal plane

Divides body into unequal right and left sides

frontal plane (coronal plane)

Divides the body into front and back portions.

Transverse Plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

dorsal cavity

includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

mental

chin

Pollex

thumb

Dorsal body cavity

cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

protects nervous system organs

Ventral body cavity

thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavity

cranial cavity

contains the brain

Vertebral Cavity (Spinal Cavity)

contains the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

cavity housing lungs and heart

ribs help protect

pleural cavity

space around each lung

precardial cavity

space around the heart

abdominal cavity

not heavily protected. vulnerable.

stomach, liver, kidney. Adipose provides protection

pelvic cavity

ovaries, testes, urinary bladder.

umbilical region

region of the navel

Tissues

Groups of cells with a common structure and function.

Organs

Groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or related functions

Integumentary system

skin and its derivatives; provides the external protective covering of the body

skeletal system

system of protection and support composed primarily of bone and cartilage

muscular system

organ system consisting of skeletal muscles and their connective tissue attachments

nervous system

the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.

endocrine system

body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones

cardiovascular system

Organ system that distributes the blood to deliver nutrients and remove wastes.

lymphatic system

system consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymph; drains excess tissue fluid from the extracellular space. The nodes provide sites for immune surveillance.

respiratory system

organ system that carries out gas exchange; includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

digestive system

system that processes food into absorbable units and eliminates indigestible wastes

urinary system

system primarily responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and the removal of nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood

reproductive system

organ system that functions to produce offspring.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

creates lipids or fat

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

transport and storage

ribosomes

Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.

Golgi apparatus

Membranous system close to the cell nucleus that packages protein secretions for export, packages enzymes into lysosomes for cellular use, and modifies proteins destined to become part of cellular membranes.

Lysosomes

An organelle used for intracellular digestions, protein synthesis, and breaking down dead cells

Peroxisomes

Membranous sacs in cytoplasm containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify harmful or toxic substances, such as free radicals.

Mitochondria

Cytoplasmic organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities.

powerhouse of cell

nucleus

Control center of the cell; contains genetic material. Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS. Center of an atom; contains protons and neutrons

epithelial tissue

Pertaining to a primary tissue that covers the body surface, lines its internal cavities, and forms glands.